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Abstract This research aims to interpret pattern of integration of economy-maritime in Muaro Sakai Port and describe historical and political-economic link between Indrapura Sultanate and Dutch Company. This research is library research with historical research method, they are: heuristic, verification, synthesis and historiography. Result of the research, prove that Indrapura Sultanate and Dutch Company had integration to raise maritime economy southern coast of Sumatra. They contributed for the trading in regional and international links with other company. Muaro Sakai Port had the biggest role from the transaction of trading such pepper, gold, and other spices to distribute untill foreign out of Sumatra certainly. The conclusion is effect of their cooperation, finally made Indrapura Sultanate reduced its sovereignty in coast of West Sumatra especially in political and economy. But in the other hand, Indrapura Kingdom become one of the success kingdom in Nusantara in international trading. Keywords: Indrapura Sultanate, Maritime-Economy, Dutch Company, Muaro Sakai Port, Integration Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginterpretasikan pola integrasi ekonomi-maritim di Pelabuhan Muaro Sakai dan mendeskripsikan hubungan historis dan politik-ekonomi antara Kerajaan Indrapura dan Perusahaan Belanda. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kepustakaan dengan metode penelitian sejarah yaitu: heuristik, verifikatif, sintesis dan historiografi. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa Kerajaan Indrapura dan Perusahaan Belanda memiliki integrasi untuk meningkatkan ekonomi maritim pantai selatan Sumatera. Mereka berkontribusi untuk perdagangan dalam hubungan regional dan internasional dengan perusahaan lain. Pelabuhan Muaro Sakai memiliki peran terbesar dari transaksi perdagangan seperti lada, emas, dan rempah-rempah lainnya untuk didistribusikan hingga asing keluar Sumatera tentunya. Kesimpulannya adalah efek dari kerjasama mereka, akhirnya membuat Kerajaan Indrapura mengurangi kedaulatannya di pantai Sumatera Barat ...

The urbanization process that shapes the present Mediterranean coast started with the mass tourism that encouraged the Centres and Areas of National Tourist Interest law in 1962, as a strategic national investment. 50 years after its implementation, it is necessary to conduct a retrospective analysis of the results, assessing to what extent have the stated goals in the 1960s been met. The evolution of the macroeconomic, political and legal parameters show certain deviations from initial forecasts of many large urban plans carried out in coastal places created from scratch. The case of La Manga del Mar Menor on the Murcia coast a target for 250,000 holidaymakers which came from a desert dune in the 1960s, is certainly an example; poorly documented while enlightening, of the results that have been achieved. The study of real social and economic performance as a tourism product against territorial and landscape impacts, the problem of governance in the context of urban planning and the ability of private property to develop its own sustainable projects in the long run has been approached with the detail and objectivity that allows a comprehensive case study contrasted by the facts. All these elements will be distributed to either side of the balance, in order to evaluate the validity of a coastal development model, that after five decades we can now begin to postulate with enough research perspective. ; Miralles García, JL.; García-Ayllon Veintimilla, S. (2013). The economic sustainability in urban planning: the case of La Manga. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment. 173:279-290. doi:10.2495/SDP130231 ; S ; 279 ; 290 ; 173

Pusat internet telah ditubuhkan oleh kerajaan di seluruh negara sebagai salah satu usaha untuk memperkasa sistem komunikasi serta tahap sosioekonomi dan merapatkan jurang digital antara komuniti bandar dan luar bandar. Bagi masyarakat luar bandar yang menghadapi halangan berhubung kebolehcapaian dan pemilikan internet serta gadget, pusat internet yang kebanyakannya terletak di lokasi tertentu menjadi tumpuan bukan sahaja dalam kalangan pelajar, malah para pekerja serta penduduk kampung. Penularan pandemik COVID-19 yang melanda masyarakat telah melonjakkan lagi kepentingan komunikasi alam maya ekoran Perintah Kawalan Pergerakan (PKP) yang telah membataskan komunikasi dan transaksi secara konvensional. Makalah ini diusahakan untuk mengkaji fungsi dan implikasi pusat internet terhadap masyarakat luar bandar semasa pandemik COVID-19 berlaku, khususnya di daerah Kudat, Pitas dan Kota Marudu yang terletak dalam zon Pantai Barat Utara, Sabah. Gabungan kaedah pemerhatian, soal selidik dan temu bual diaplikasikan bagi mendapatkan data primer bersifat kuantitatif dan kualitatif yang melibatkan seramai 133 responden dan 13 informan terdiri dalam kalangan pengurus serta pekerja di pusat internet, pelajar sekolah, Giatmara dan universiti, guru sekolah dan KAFA, kakitangan kerajaan serta swasta dan ketua serta penduduk kampung. Penemuan kajian mendapati fungsi pusat internet tidak menyerlah dalam kalangan masyarakat luar bandar khususnya semasa pelaksanaan PKP. Tambahan lagi, terdapat dalam kalangan masyarakat yang belum sedar tentang keberadaan serta lokasi pusat internet di daerah masing-masing. Di samping itu, bilangan yang terhad dan lokasi yang jauh dari petempatan penduduk kampung menyebabkan pusat internet tidak dapat berfungsi sewajarnya sebagai medium komunikasi komuniti. Kajian ini turut menyarankan beberapa langkah penyelesaian bagi mengatasi kemelut berhubung internet. Diharapkan kertas kerja ini dapat menjadi pemangkin kepada usaha untuk memperkasakan komunikasi alam maya atau mewujudkan komuniti digital khususnya dalam kalangan masyarakat luar bandar. The internet centre has been established by the government throughout the country as an effort to strengthen the communication system as well as the socioeconomic level and also to bridge the digital divide between urban and rural communities. For rural communities facing restrictions pertaining to internet accessibility and gadget, the internet centre which mostly located at certain locations has become a centre of attraction among students, employees and villagers. The COVID-19 pandemic that swept the community has boosted the importance of virtual communications due to the Movement Control Order (MCO) that has restrained conventional communication and transactions. This paper has been undertaken to study the functions and implications of the internet centre among rural communities during the COVID-19 pandemic particularly in Kudat, Pitas and Kota Marudu districts which are located at the Northwest Coast zone of Sabah. A combination of participant observation, survey and in-depth interview were applied to obtain quantitative and qualitative primary data involving 133 respondents and 13 informants comprising of managers and employees at the internet centre; secondary, university and Giatmara students; KAFA teachers; government and private employees and also the villagers. The findings showed that the internet centre was not standing out or functioning well among the rural communities especially during the MCO. In addition, some villagers did not aware of the existence and location of internet centre at their respective areas. In addition, the limitation in terms of quantity and distance or location of the internet centre has contributed and resulted towards its malfunction as a medium of communication among the rural communities. The study suggests several solutions to overcome the internet crisis pertaining to internet centre among the rural communities. It is hoped that this paper will become a catalyst in an effort to empower virtual communications or create a digital community particularly among rural communities.

International supply chains of vulnerable tropical food products face major problems in the fields of quality performance and coordination between supply chain partners. Degradation and variability of quality, segmentation of supply networks and scattered production by smallholder producers could severely hinder reliable deliveries at required standards. Concerted efforts for improving governance regimes and management practices are required to enhance supply chain performance. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the interfaces between market outlet choice, supply chain governance, quality management and value added distribution. Main attention is given to better incentives and transparency in contracts and bargaining procedures that could contribute to reduced transaction costs and risk, as well as techno-managerial strategies for improving both quality and value added. The editors present an integrated interdisciplinary framework for the simultaneous analysis of technical, managerial and socio-economic dimensions of international supply chain originating in developing countries. Selected case studies based on extensive field research highlight in Costa Rica (mango and pepper), Ivory Coast (pineapples), Kenya (fish), Ethiopia (dairy), Ghana (cocoa), India (cashew) and China (vegetables and pork) provide detailed insights in different options for enhancing integrated quality management and supply chain coordination. Professionals and practioners involved in the design, management and assessment of (inter)national supply chains for tropical products will particularly benefit from this unique collection

International audience ; For an eighteenth-century merchant, the ultimate crisis was war; armed conflicts disrupted trade both practically, by subjecting the goods transported to confiscation by the enemy, and financially, by threatening the national and international credit networks and compensation systems on which merchants relied to clear their transactions. This was especially true for French merchants active in the transatlantic trade, when confronted with a war with Great Britain at mid-century. Land-based goods or goods transported along the coast overt short distances could be rerouted, go through intermediaries, or be smuggled in a variety of ways. But by 1750, British domination of the seas was a well-established reality, and the French Navy, weakened by years of political neglect, was unable to protect the approach either to France's major ports, or to the North American continent. As a result, the French trader specialized in importing colonial products (sugar, coffee, indigo, or tobacco come to mind) in an Atlantic port was faced with daunting challenges. This paper shows how large merchants could face the risks of war with considerable efficiency, combining, inside information, international networks, and local control of market segments; The oligopolistic nature of early Modern markets is fully revealed by these processes, which also show how information was kept even from principals outside merchant circles.

International audience ; For an eighteenth-century merchant, the ultimate crisis was war; armed conflicts disrupted trade both practically, by subjecting the goods transported to confiscation by the enemy, and financially, by threatening the national and international credit networks and compensation systems on which merchants relied to clear their transactions. This was especially true for French merchants active in the transatlantic trade, when confronted with a war with Great Britain at mid-century. Land-based goods or goods transported along the coast overt short distances could be rerouted, go through intermediaries, or be smuggled in a variety of ways. But by 1750, British domination of the seas was a well-established reality, and the French Navy, weakened by years of political neglect, was unable to protect the approach either to France's major ports, or to the North American continent. As a result, the French trader specialized in importing colonial products (sugar, coffee, indigo, or tobacco come to mind) in an Atlantic port was faced with daunting challenges. This paper shows how large merchants could face the risks of war with considerable efficiency, combining, inside information, international networks, and local control of market segments; The oligopolistic nature of early Modern markets is fully revealed by these processes, which also show how information was kept even from principals outside merchant circles.

Archaic State Interaction casts valuable new light on how extra-societal contacts may be implicated in processes of increasing social complexity. As the title makes clear, the contributors ground their discussions of interaction theory in the specific sequence of events dating to 3100-1000 BCE in that portion of the Mediterranean basin stretching from Italy to the Levantine Coast. Their goals, as stated clearly by Parkinson and Galaty in the introduction, are to consider how local social and economic changes, on the one hand, were related to: variations in the intensity of interactions occurring at differing spatial and temporal scales; changes in how, and by whom, such contacts were conducted; and, shifts in the routes these transactions followed. The result is less a consensus than a healthy, productive debate on these issues. The main points of contention concern: rates of socio-political change; how to translate patterns among static material remains into dynamic political and economic processes; whose interests drove and shaped the course of cross-border contacts; and what interpretive frameworks are best suited to modeling the latter interactions. With respect to the last point, a consistent theme running throughout the papers deals with the utility of world-systems theory (WST) in describing and understanding the developmental significance of inter-polity contacts.

Based on the study of cases in Chivolo and Montes de María in the Colombian Atlantic coast, in this article we analyze two different modes of peasant land property rights´ weakness and fluidity: dispossession and land transactions among peasants. To this end, we discuss the key lines of relevant literature, particularly in regard to inclusive and redistributive land reforms; describe the history of the struggle for land in the region in general terms; and present the limits of property rights under the parcelario regime. We conclude that such restrictions create a situation of endemic vulnerability to the rights of peasants over land. https://doi.org/10.22380/2539472X4 ; En este artículo analizamos dos modalidades diferentes de debilitamiento y fluidez de los derechos de propiedad sobre la tierra de los campesinos: despojo y transacciones entre campesinos, con base en el estudio de los casos de Chivolo y Montes de María en la costa atlántica colombiana. Para ello, esbozamos las líneas de análisis clave en la literatura relevante, en particular en lo relativo a reformas agrarias inclusivas y redistributivas; mostramos los rasgos generales de la trayectoria de la lucha por la tierra en la región; presentamos las limitaciones a la propiedad de la tierra dentro del régimen parcelario, y observamos cómo operaron en los casos analizados. Concluimos que tales limitaciones crean una situación de vulnerabilidad endémica de los derechos de los campesinos. https://doi.org/10.22380/2539472X4

Groundwater is a vital yet threatened resource in much of South Asia. This paper develops a model of groundwater transactions under payoff uncertainty arising from unpredictable fluctuations in groundwater availability during the agricultural dry season. The model highlights the trade-off between the ex post inefficiency of long-term contracts and the ex ante inefficiency of spot contracts. The structural parameters are estimated using detailed micro-data on the area irrigated under each contract type combined with subjective probability distributions of borewell discharge elicited from a large sample of well-owners in southern India. The findings show that, while the contracting distortion leads to an average welfare loss of less than 2 percent and accounts for less than 50 percent of all transactions costs in groundwater markets, it has a sizeable impact on irrigated area, especially for small farmers. Uncertainty coupled with land fragmentation also attenuates the benefits of the water-saving technologies now being heavily promoted in India.

Cover Page -- Dedication -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Figures and Tables -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Prologue -- 2 The Long Waves of Capitalist Growth -- Business Cycles -- The Long Waves -- Peaks and Troughs -- New Technologies and New Industries -- Modes of Production -- Property Booms -- Leading Cities -- Commentary -- 3 The Problem with Economics -- Supply and Demand -- Mathematical Modelling -- Demand Management -- Monetarism -- The Austrians -- The Inflation Bogey -- Banking Collapses -- The Sub-Prime Mortgage Panic -- New Keynesianism -- Commentary -- 4 Real Economies, Real Places -- Economics is Natural -- Self-Generating Economies -- Real Places: Cities and Regions -- Why Currencies Matter -- Transactions of Decline -- Clusters, Networks and Creative Milieu -- Commentary -- 5 Growth and Decline: Part I – Merchants and Mercantile Capitalism -- Italian City States: Venice and Florence -- The Scottish Burghs -- The Hanseatic League -- Chinese East Coast Cities: Isolation and Trade -- Amsterdam: New Wealth and Old Masters -- Tokyo: The Art of the Floating World -- Lisbon: Rebuilding and Economic Recovery -- Vienna: End of an Empire -- Commentary -- 6 Growth and Decline: Part II – Industrial Capitalism and the New Economy -- Chicago: Depot City -- Copenhagen: Wealth, Design, Wealth -- Industry Clusters: The Third Italy and Damietta -- Boomtowns -- Death of a City -- Prague: The Velvet Revolution -- Manchester: Cottonopolis to Creative Industry -- Commentary -- 7 The New Upwave -- New Work -- What Happens in a Recession -- The Upwave Takes Hold -- Milestones -- Centres of New Prosperity -- Property Booms -- Investments, Savings and Pensions -- Health and Education -- Manners -- Good Societies -- Commentary -- 8 Epilogue -- Summary: A Golden Age -- Governments versus Markets?

Due to the expansion of business transaction across the globe, the private sector demands an adequate legal framework that is sufficiently clear, modern, predictable and transparent to permit investment with a sense of security. The Organisation for the Harmonisation of Business Law in Africa (Organisation pour l'harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires) is generally known by its French acronym OHADA. As long-standing idea, the foundation of the OHADA Treaty was first laid during a meeting of finance ministers of the members of the franc CFA1 area held in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, in April 1991. A group of experts, led by Senegalese Justice Keba Mbaye, was appointed to conduct a feasibility study on a form of legal collaboration designed to promote economic integration and attract investments.2 Identifying low investment as a major obstacle to economic growth, Keba Mbaye presented his report to the French-speaking African summit in Libreville, Gabon, in October 1992, recommending the creation of a supranational organization comprising the entire franc area. The recommendation was adopted and a steering committee of three experts were appointed and tasked with drafting an international instrument as well as identifying the areas of law to be harmonized. The OHADA was established through the treaty of Port Louis in Mauritius on 17th October, 19933 The treaty is open to any Member State of the Organization of African Unity (AU) as well as any other non-member of the AU invited to join with the common agreement of all the Member States.4 The OHADA has progressively become the common business law in anglophone and francophone African countries, taking the best from the civil law and the common law systems.5 The OHADA provides its Member States with 1) a single, modern, flexible and reliable business law adapted to each country's economy; 2) arbitration as an appropriate and trustworthy way to settle disputes; and3) an opportunity for training judges and judicial staff and ensuring their specialisation. In May 2003, the uniform OHADA business law came into force in the sub-Saharan African States of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Comoros, Congo, Ivory Coast, Gabon, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Chad, Togo and later the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The OHADA Treaty secures a legal framework for the conduct of business in Africa.6 Pursuant to Article 53 of the OHADA Treaty, any member State of the African Union may become a member, if it wishes to do so.7 Many countries are currently giving active consideration to joining the OHADA common system of business law.8 Most of the countries have a French colonial heritage, with the exception of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (former Belgian colony), Guinea-Bissau (former Portuguese colony), Equatorial Guinea (former Spanish colony), and Togo and Cameroon (formerly under partly British and partly French colonial rule). French is also an official language in most of the countries and many OHADA sources are only available in French. 9 It is interesting to know that the Council of Ministers of the OHADA organisation which is the legislative organ of the organisation have adopted the following uniform business law: the general commercial laws, corporate laws and rules concerning different types of joint ventures, laws concerning secured transactions, debt recovery and enforcement laws, bankruptcy laws, arbitration law, accountability law, and law regulating contract for the carriage of goods byroads.10 The OHADA treaty established the Common Court of Justice and Arbitration (CCJA) which is a supranational11 judicial institution based in Abidjan, Ivory Coast.12 2.

As early as 1441, and well before other European countries encountered Africa, small Portuguese and Spanish trading vessels were plying the coast of West Africa, where they conducted business with African kingdoms that possessed significant territory and power. In the process, Iberians developed an understanding of Africa's political landscape in which they recognized specific sovereigns, plotted the extent and nature of their polities, and grouped subjects according to their ruler.In African Kings and Black Slaves, Herman L. Bennett mines the historical archives of Europe and Africa to reinterpret the first century of sustained African-European interaction. These encounters were not simple economic transactions. Rather, according to Bennett, they involved clashing understandings of diplomacy, sovereignty, and politics. Bennett unearths the ways in which Africa's kings required Iberian traders to participate in elaborate diplomatic rituals, establish treaties, and negotiate trade practices with autonomous territories. And he shows how Iberians based their interpretations of African sovereignty on medieval European political precepts grounded in Roman civil and canon law. In the eyes of Iberians, the extent to which Africa's polities conformed to these norms played a significant role in determining who was, and who was not, a sovereign people-a judgment that shaped who could legitimately be enslaved.Through an examination of early modern African-European encounters, African Kings and Black Slaves offers a reappraisal of the dominant depiction of these exchanges as being solely mediated through the slave trade and racial difference. By asking in what manner did Europeans and Africans configure sovereignty, polities, and subject status, Bennett offers a new depiction of the diasporic identities that had implications for slaves' experiences in the Americas

The Monzón castle is a historical fortress located in the Huesca province in Aragón, Spain. A tower, which was constructed by the Moors during the 10th century, was expanded into the castle by the monarchs of Aragón in 1089. After 1143, the castle was inhabited by the Knights Templar. The soldier-monks transformed the castle into a convent with military Cistercian buildings that included walls, tower, stables, etc. The future King of Aragón, James I "the Conqueror", received his primary education at the castle. It was designated as a National Monument in 1949. Recently, the castle was included in the Spanish "Domus Templi" route along the Ebro River and the Mediterranean coast, which links the five magnificent Templar castles of Monzón, Gardeny, Miravet, Tortosa and Peñíscola. The master plan prepared to ensure the preservation of the Monzón castle includes proposals to enhance its potential for tourism. The present paper presents the key proposals for the tourism enhancement of the castle and its surroundings that were developed in the master plan. The proposals focus on the site's architectural heritage, surrounding landscape, and ethnographic elements as well as existing services, infrastructure and facilities. The results of this analysis provide information regarding the castle's potential as a tourist attraction and identify urgent issues that must be addressed if the site is to become a marketable tourism product. ; Morant González, M.; Alonso-Monasterio Fernandez, P.; Viñals Blasco, MJ.; Teruel Serrano, MD. (2014). Potential analysis of the Templar Castle of Monzón in Huesca, Spain as a tourist attraction. WIT Transactions on the Built Environment. 143:163-172. doi:10.2495/DSHF140141 ; S ; 163 ; 172 ; 143

The period 1997 2007 was a period of economic expansion in Europe, particularly in Spain. The expansion occurred based on easy credit in a globalized economy. In Spain, a large part of the credit was allocated to civil works and construction of housing. So it caused a housing bubble that burst in 2007. Thus, in the period 1997 2007 unsustainable urban development was produced in Spain. Today we know a lot of the historical data of the process and its consequences in the economic recession lasting from 2007 to the present. Nowadays, it is possible to systematize the features of urban development, economic processes and behaviors of different social agents during the unsustainable development and after in Spain. Particularly in Spain, Valencia promoted especially this development model and, consequently, has become one of the paradigmatic cases. In addition, tourist residential demand has played an important role throughout this process. Tourist activity is a very important economic sector in Spain and especially on the Valencian and Mediterranean coast. This paper is a synthesis of the evolution of the main variables that explain in this case the unsustainable urban development process taking into account environmental, economic and social aspects. It also identifies the consequences. The analysis draws conclusions that can be generalized in this type of process. This allows us to generate proposals to identify the objective conditions that must be met in sustainable urban development. ; Miralles García, JL. (2013). Contributions to a theoretical framework for sustainable urban development: some conclusions of the Spanish case. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment. 179:199-210. doi:10.2495/SC130171 ; S ; 199 ; 210 ; 179

These pages are an attempt to explain how political economy and 18th century economists analysed the effects of a gradual integration of the Spanish national economy. The omnipresence of traginers and catalan merchandises was a clear sign of the end of regional markets which, up to those days, had been situated away from external competition and enjoyed the natural protection which both, distance and high transaction prices, offered. Protected by those boundaries, each region had a tendency to commercial self-sufficiency and to produce "a little of everything". From Galicia to Aragón, from the Cantabrian coast to Andalucía, the internal organization of markets did not cease to attract criticism and disapproval, due to the asymmetries which were made evident in the distribution of the profits associated with demand increase. For the same reason, given the existence of regional competition, Political economy found arguments which allowed the entitlement of balance preservation, which supported the traditional economic order. In that task, the "moral economy" was one of the weapons wielded again the mandates of a natural order which was governed by the "invisible hand" and by personal "interest". ; En estas páginas se trata de analizar cómo la Economía política y los «economistas» del siglo XVIII valoraron los efectos de la paulatina integración de la economía nacional. La omnipresencia de traginers y mercancías catalanas, venía a expresar el ocaso de unos mercados regionales hasta entonces fuera de la competencia exterior por la protección natural que brindaban la distancia y altos costes de transacción. Al amparo de tales barreras, cada comarca había tendido a la autosuficiencia mercantil y a producir «un poco de todo». Desde Galicia a Aragón, desde las costas cantábricas a Andalucía, la vertebración del mercado no dejó de suscitar críticas y rechazos por las asimetrías que se constataban en la distribución de las diferencias competitivas entre regiones, buscará argumentos sobre los que legitimar la preservación ...