Suchergebnisse

Background: Egg donor agencies are increasingly being used as part of IVF in the US, but are essentially unregulated, posing critical ethical and policy questions concerning how providers view and use them, and what the implications might be. Methods: Thirty-seven in-depth interviews of approximately 1 h were conducted – with 27 IVF providers and 10 patients. Results: Clinicians vary in their views and interactions concerning egg donor agencies, ranging widely in whether and how often they use agencies. Agencies may offer egg recipients increased choices, but raise ethical and other concerns regarding respect for donors as individuals (e.g., adequacy of informed consent), potential harms, justice (e.g., concerns about possible eugenics – by encouraging and facilitating selection and marketing of facts for offspring), and donors constituting a vulnerable group. The quality of agencies appears to vary considerably, from acceptable to problematic. Agencies' medical and psychological screenings of donors can range, and be minimal. Not all agencies adequately track donors' prior numbers of donations, or share the relevant records with clinics. Clinics may find that potential donors have genetic mutations and medical problems about which they were unaware. Yet agencies and clinics do not provide care for such donors, generating stress. Dissemination of donors' personal data can potentially threaten confidentiality. Questions emerge of whether increased monitoring/oversight of agencies may be beneficial. Conclusions: These data, the first to examine providers' views and interactions regarding egg donor agencies, suggest wide variations in quality and use of agencies, and have critical implications for practice, policy, education and research. Given the potential limitations of the current model of self-regulation of agencies, the present data suggest needs to consider stronger professional guidelines or possible governmental regulations to establish, require and enforce higher standards for agencies to follow, regarding advertising to potential donors and recipients, arranging for appropriate informed consent concerning risks and benefits involved, and for quality control. Appropriate informed consent should be obtained from potential egg donors, including the fact that they may learn about mutations or medical problems about which they were unaware, but for which they will not receive treatment as part of this process. Enhancing understanding among the public-at-large about what egg donation entails may also be helpful.

Reproductive ethics poses many of the most controversial issues of our time. Questions about the roles, rights, and responsibilities of parents force us to think about individual autonomy, the nature of the family, and relationships between private institutions and the state. And reproduction is not only about procreators but raises deeply divisive issues about gametes, embryos, fetal issue, and the moral status of the fetus or newborn child. This volume boldly addresses these and other issues, grounding their treatment in careful and reasoned philosophical analysis. To take just a few of the questions in the volume: Is reproductive care a human right? Should infertility treatment be provided from socially shared resources? Is abortion ethically permissible and, if so, in what circumstances?

The modern liberal is still inclined to inquire into the moral & ethical stature of nations in the manner of the 18thcent soc critic who presupposed the rationalism of individuals & the progress of society. Such questions do not have much meaning in the relativized world of contemporary man. America's standing among the nations of the world is an endlessly varied equation determined b,y time, accident, & eireunnstance, but, in the long run, most affected by her standing as the foremost nat'l power with the most highly developed sci'fic-technical plant in the world. Nat'lism is the primary source of the internal & external problems of contemporary societies & is fraught with great risks when sci'fic-technical competition occurs in its framework. America tends always to act to preserve the internat'l status quo, a tendency which is not only futile in the long run, but which also tends to prevent the development of a world community & the reconstruction of local society which could turn sci'fic-technical developments to positive account. HA.

Part 1: Scientific Advances -- Chapter 1: The History of Computers and Personal Computers -- Chapter 2: History of the Internet, Search Engines, Emails, Word Processors, WiFi, and Texting -- Chapter 3: History of Smart Devices, Video Games and Video Communication, and Conferencing -- Part 2: History of Social Media -- Chapter 4: Beginning of Social Media's Launch -- Chapter 5: Meta, Twitter, Spotify, Instagram, Pinterest, Snap Chat and Tik Tok -- Part 3: Synopsis of Psychological Theories, with Behavioral Milestones and Factsheet as Support -- Chapter 6: Jean Piaget's Life and Stages of Cognitive Development -- Chapter 7: Erik Erickson's Life and Psychosocial Developmental Stages -- Chapter 8: CDC and Medline Milestones and APA Factsheet Guidelines -- Part 4: Developing a Framework and an Understanding of the Problem's in Today's World -- Chapter 9: Guidelines on When and How to Give Your Children Technology -- Chapter 10: Common Problems Prevalent in Today's Society -- Chapter 11: Conclusions and Thoughts.

Front Cover -- Advance Praise -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Abbreviations -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Author -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: IT Innovation -- Chapter 3: Future IT Environments: Five Scenarios -- Chapter 4: Value Ethics and IT -- Chapter 5: Ethical Knowledge for Ethical IT Innovation -- Chapter 6: Preserving Freedom in Future IT Environments -- Chapter 7: Health and Strength in the Machine Age -- Chapter 8: Safety, Security, and Privacy in Future IT Environments -- Chapter 9: Trust in Future IT Environments -- Chapter 10: Friendship in Future IT Environments -- Chapter 11: Dignity and Respect in the Machine Age -- Chapter 12: Privacy and a Summary of the Value Fabric -- Chapter 13: Ethical Value-Based IT System Design: An Overview -- Chapter 14: Value Discovery for IT Project Selection -- Chapter 15: Wise Leadership in the IT Project Selection Phase -- Chapter 16: Ethical IT Planning -- Chapter 17: Ethical IT System Analysis -- Chapter 18: Ethical IT System Design -- Chapter 19: Machine Ethics and Value- Based IT Design -- Back Cover.

"This book considers morality as a dynamic ecosystem that can change in response to its sociomaterial embedding. It particularly explores the role of technology in mediating the meaning of human values and studies the implications of this capacity for the use, design, and governance of technologies"--