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"Thought Under Threat is an attempt to understand the tendencies that threaten thinking from within. These tendencies have always existed, but today they are on the rise and frequently encouraged even in democracies. People "disagree" with science and distrust experts. Political leaders appeal to the hearts and guts of "the people," rather than their critical faculties. Stupidity has become a right, if not a badge of honor; thinking is considered "elitist." For Miguel de Beistegui, however, thinking is intrinsically democratic, a crucial part of exercising freedom. In the book, de Beistegui describes a long philosophical tradition, according to which it is the job of the philosopher to guard against these vices that threaten philosophy from within, with the philosophical life amounting to a form of intellectual care or self-vigilance. For de Beistegui, stupidity is not simply the opposite of intelligence or common sense; spite is not only a moral vice, distinct from the exercise of thought; and superstition is not reducible to a set of false beliefs. Rather, he argues, thoughtlessness grows from within thought itself. Or, put differently, thought needs to engage in a recurring struggle against these vices, which it carries within itself, to thrive. De Beistegui alerts us to the blind-spots in our thinking and shows how thought itself can be used to ward them off, making possible productive dissensus, deliberation, and, ultimately, a thinking community"--

God's revelations, as the main source of knowledge, do not deny, in any way our brain's functional capabilities. The Quran acknowledges the necessity and importance of the brain. Islamic epistemology regards the brain as the second source of knowledge after the revelations. The holistic perspective on knowledge that is gained by mankind is that it is constructed by man in the context of their thinking culture, education and social concepts. Therefore, in this regard, thinking method directly relates to the objectives of Islam and its Sharia, and gives a significant implication towards understanding and developing Sharia as a dynamic knowledge area. This study combines three (3) methods, content analysis; historical method and comparison of the review of the history of the construction of Islamic thought and the review of screening methods Sociology Society background. The discussion this article covers the definition and concept of scientific thinking skills and scientific Islamic thought and the approaches of critical thinking in Islamic scientific thought. In reality, Muslims are not prohibited by their religion to think scientifically through scientific thinking methods, provided that it does not contradict with Islam. Some knowledge which is built through scientific thinking can be used to understand the Quranic texts more profoundly. Also, undeniably, the eminence of God's revelations has been made evident and exploited to proof the existence of Allah.

Introduction: fear consensus love dissent -- Majorities versus troublemakers: the art of persuasion -- Numbers rule -- Even one dissenter makes a difference -- Dissent as an art in changing hearts and minds -- Consensus versus dissent: consensus closes the mind but dissent opens the mind -- Consensus narrows thinking and kills rationality -- Dissent diversifies and strengthens thinking -- Groupthink versus groups of thinkers: groups often make terrible decisions, but can make better ones when we encourage discussion and dissent -- Group decisions: often in error never in doubt -- Diversity and devil's advocates -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- Index

John F. Hoffecker explores the origin and growth of the mind, drawing on information from the human fossil record, archaeology, and history. Hoffecker argues that, as an indirect result of bipedal locomotion, early humans developed a feedback relationship among their hands, brains, and tools, evolving the capacity to externalize thoughts in the form of shaped stone objects. When anatomically modern humans evolved a parallel capacity to externalize thought as symbolic language, individual brains within social groups were integrated into a neocortical internet, or super-brain, thus giving birth to the mind. Noting that archaeological traces of symbolism coincide with evidence for the ability to generate novel technology, Hoffecker contends that human creativity, as well as higher-order consciousness, is a product of the collective super-brain. Hoffecker equates the subsequent growth of the mind with human history, which began in Africa more than 50,000 years ago. As anatomically modern humans spread across the globe, adapting to a variety of climates and habitats, they redesigned themselves technologically and developed alternative realities via toolmaking, tool use, and artistic expression. Hoffecker connects the rise of civilization to a hierarchical reorganization of the super-brain, triggered by explosive population growth. According to him, subsequent history reflects the varying degrees to which rigid hierarchies of states and empires suppressed the creative powers of the mind, constraining the further accumulation of knowledge. The modern world emerged from the fragments of a collapsed empire after 1200 AD. In the final chapter, Hoffecker speculates on the possibility of artificial intelligence and a mind without biology.

Part one : theory -- What is intellectual humility? (and why should we care?) -- What is an intellectual virtue? -- Part two : science -- How do we know who is intellectually humble? -- How do we become intellectually humble? -- What can human cognition tell us about intellectual humility -- Are some people born humble? -- How do emotions affect our ability to be intellectually humble? -- Part three : application -- Can you believe what you hear? -- How should we handle disagreement? -- What does intellectual humility tell us about religion?

Raised in a three-room shack with no running water in rural Canada, Rosemarie Francis was under pressure from her alcoholic, abusive father to aim for a job at the local chicken-packing plant. Instead, she put herself through college at night, bought her first house at 18, earned her CPA designation at 21, and rose through the corporate ranks to create a life of magnificent wealth and accomplishment. It wasn't easy to reach so far beyond the confines of her limited upbringing, but Francis is living proof that it can be done, and in The Better Life Book, she shares her secrets. Whatever your go