Cities are made up of assemblages of incoherent wholes which co-exist together in a seemingly placid or tolerating mode of existence. Due to their nature and neo-liberalist policies governing them, the urban services are assumed to be provided in the right quantities and the right time for all, which is not always the case as many interests are at play contesting the powers that are. Water – a basic good and right enshrined in many nations' constitutions is still a far cry for all, is at the crux of this thesis in which a case study of Soweto East – a routinely marginalized heavily contested 'ghetto' space in which the residents have suffered historical neglect and injustice in the provision of basic urban goods and services and a site of several failed development interventions which foster urban injustice and further entrench the lack of the right to dwell in the city- has been used to depict the governance of a water system to ensure resilience and sustainability in the wake of the Sustainable Development Goals. Using the Governance Analytical Framework, this thesis unpackages the contested s(p)laces where dwellers have democratically organized themselves to take charge of their destiny by creating systems that utilize both the statutory norms and informal norms in differing measures to ensure that they can lay claim on water services. The system boasts of a rich interwoven tapestry of both historical and current claims for its being. The research explores the different roles and relationships existing between the various actors who move in between discourses of the local realities, relying on their local political economy to define or adapt to the actualization of the basic human right to a descent livelihood in the city and minimize the scarcity of these urban goods and services. Mixed method research infused with ethnography and archival material demonstrated the unique governance features of this particular system which is a model of a non-conformist emergent space where the dwellers are critical in ...
The situation of women and children living under the apartheid regimes in South Africa and Namibia has been the subject of a number of resolutions adopted by the international community in the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and other United Nations bodies. The United Nations, aware of its special responsibility towards the oppressed people in South Africa and Namibia, has repeatedly drawn attention to the special problems faced by women under the apartheid regime and has recommended action both at the international and national levels
While History of Technology as a discipline has developed more strongly in the Global North, a huge lacuna exists in the Global South, particularly in Africa. In addition, the few texts that have given attention to the South have more often than not continued to bracket these localities and the experiences of its peoples as either a historical or lacking agency. The over-emphasis on the perspective of the colonizers rather than the colonized that is evident in most of the literature has led to inconclusive typologies common to many syntheses of Africa's past especially its urban experiences. In many instances, the dichotomous and a symmetrical analysis results into the African practices of the city being reduced to a colonial perception of disorder. To envision Africa's cities only in terms of their colonial and postcolonial relationships may preclude a fuller understanding of the multifaceted ways in which they have engaged with the larger world. Furthermore, most studies on technology and infrastructure to be particular have employed dominant paradigms like the theory of Large Technical Systems (LTSs) and propagated the imagination of most urban spaces within the lenses of the 'networked city model'. These theoretical frameworks have produced incomplete narratives that see the South as chaotic, disorderly and operating on the brink of collapse. It is this fact that has driven contemporary social science and technology studies to call for a departure from the 'old' to a new scholarship that acknowledges the localities in the South as not only 'sources for data' but also as 'sites for theorization in their own right'. What is needed in history of technology is a shift from focusing on 'origin and invention' to 'use, meaning and effect' so as to avoid the reproduction of knowledge that continues to 'privilege' the North. Towards the development of Global History of Technology, the gap needs to be bridged by giving attention to the historical particularities of the Global South rather than the South being approached as exceptional. It is on this backdrop that this study of Nairobi was undertaken. Moving between the formal level of engineering and planning and the informal level of daily practice, the dissertation investigated how urban water and sanitation technologies were adopted, appropriated, and contested by various actors. Archival investigations in Nairobi, London and Oxford (UK) and oral accounts of users were employed and analyzed qualitatively. By departing from the dominant LTS perspective, the study zeroes in on the role of users as participants in the making of the histories of the city and as non-passive recipients of migratory ideas and ideals, especially in the process of procuring their daily needs. Technical infrastructural artifacts are looked at as multilayered and possessing a powerful political and economic nature that determines their access and 'allocative' role. Nairobi's water and sanitation socio-spatial outlay was unbundled to reveal a quilt of a heterogeneous techno-scape. Nairobi, like any city in the world has its urban materialities embodying aspirations of various actors but historically, its engineer sociologists continue to define both the characteristics of the technical artifact and the social universe in which they are to function. As a colonial city and an urban space, Nairobi was loaded with imprints of social differentiation, social control and domination and the post-colony has seen elitist ideals augmented in parallel with a rapidly expanding group of urban poor. However, much as infrastructure supply has for several years followed a variegated path, this study sought to push the boundaries beyond the conventional asymmetries of race, class and 'legal' versus 'illegal' as explained through the formal and informal binary that is common in Urban Studies. It is not enough to conclude that the deployment of key infrastructures adheres to racialized (later elitist or class) planning. Rather, the question of access is informed by many factors that include the political nature of artifacts themselves and people as non-passive recipients; the cost-recovery component of 'modern' infrastructure projects as juxtaposed to the socio-cultural constructs of water and sanitation provisioning. Nairobi in retrospect attains a techno-collage or patchwork of modalities of provisioning that affirms the heterogeneous nature of most urban spaces. Furthermore, juxtaposed against the 'splintering urbanism' thesis, this work reverses the narrative by pointing out that the Global South cities have traditionally been fragmented and 'splintered' in terms of their socio-technical topologies. Nairobi for instance has from its foundation been marked by a quilt of different socio-technical arrangement of water and sanitation provision that combine both top-down approaches that are characterized by highly centralized municipal governance and bottom-linked modalities. These include shallow wells, boreholes, rain-water-harvesting, cesspits, and pushcarts amongst others. There are also 'mediative' hybridized arrangements like the 'spaghetti' pipes and standpipes cum water kiosks. The centrality of some of these methods from below, as espoused in this study, has witnessed a process of streamlining. This is acknowledged by the utility companies through public-private partnerships that combine the large and the small to plug into the technological gaps existing especially in the informal settlements that are melting pots of both technological innovation and contestation. Heterogeneity and 'decentered' or devolved small scale modalities of provision have been and will always remain a permanent marker of most cities as their history goes hand in glove with that of the cities themselves. Nairobi's checkered sociotechnical outlay is as old as the city itself. Perhaps, as the writing of a Global History of Technology takes center stage, future scholarship needs to focus more on the multilayered nature of human and knowledge flows that go beyond the North-South binary to encompass South-North, South-North-South, South-South amongst many other shifts and counter-shifts, as we grapple with the challenge of knowledge production on histories of technology that is highly representative.
Addresses human rights aspects related to the treatment of refugees in Kenya, based on interview data obtained 1997/98 from the refugees. Following a brief background on refugee policy developments in Kenya, presented are observations on the situation of refugees living in camps, particularly in Kakuma refugee camp in northwestern Kenya. Focus is on the refugees' problems in this camp, stressing the fact that camps are legal anomalies, in which the administration of justice is virtually in the hands of the humanitarian agencies that exercise this function, either directly, or by delegating it to community leaders. After looking at an example of a human rights violation carried out with at least the complicity of humanitarian organizations -- the forcible relocation of refugees from the camps in Mombasa -- some of the more classic human rights issues found among refugees living in Nairobi are considered: police harassment, arbitrary arrest, & detention without trial. 16 References. Adapted from the source document.
Resource Mobilization is a global phenomenon in the Covid-19 era with Empowerment Projects as a solution kit for Youth's unemployment through development of a robust ICT Technology centres and Innovation hubs to mentor Youth's into economic value chain in the society. Ideally, study seeks to demonstrate how Resource Mobilization in Covid-19 era influences Youth's Empowerment Projects in Busia County, Kenya. The study was double-helix of Motivation and Human need theories. Descriptively, Composite Mean was 1.90 with a standard deviation of 1.080 implied the performance of Youths' Empowerment Projects in Busia County, Kenya had improved for the last one and a half years. The adjusted R2= .251for Social Responsibility, R2 = 0.214 for Business Mentorship projects and R2=.208 for Innovation hubs with predictive power of about 25.1%, 21.4% and 20.8% variations in the projects. The F- values for Social Responsibility, 15.017 with 0.05< p>0.496, the F-calculated for Business Mentorship, 15.219 with 0.05 < p>0.161 and finally the F-calculated for Innovation hubs was 16.470 with 0.05< p> 0, indicated a statistical significant relationship between Social Responsibility, Business Mentorship and Innovation hubs in Covid-19 era and Youths' Empowerment Projects. The variable was significant since p> 0.05; hence, alternative hypothesis presumed statistical significant influence between Resource Mobilization in Covid-19 era and Youth's empowerment projects, was accepted. The study recommends adoption of social responsibility, Business mentorship and innovation hubs as a platform for resource mobilization in Busia County, Kenya.
African governments and their societies unanimously support the global objectives of rapid industrialization and technology development geared towards increasing national productive output and developing dynamic and self-reliant economies. There are, however, ineffective mechanisms to realize these objectives as evidenced by the minimal investment made by African nations on research and development and for the training of skilled human resources to sustain scientific creativity and technological innovation. The participants of the consultation on the "Management of Science for Development in Africa" deliberated on these issues and initiated a mechnism for sponsering and sustaining the processes for managing science
In July 1985, a World Conference to «Review and Appraise the Achievements of the UNITED NATION DECADE FOR WOMEN» will be held in Nairobi, Kenya. Parallel to this conference, an NGO Forum 85, to assess the progress made during the decade and develop strategies, will a/so take place in Nairobi.
NOTE: This article is a preprint and has not been certified by peer review. It reports new medical research that has yet to be evaluated and so should not be used to guide clinical practice. --- Background: Many low- and middle-income countries have implemented control measures against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, it is not clear to what extent these measures explain the low numbers of recorded COVID-19 cases and deaths in Africa. One of the main aims of control measures is to reduce respiratory pathogen transmission through direct contact with others. In this study we collect contact data from residents of informal settlements around Nairobi, Kenya to assess if control measures have changed contact patterns, and estimate the impact of changes on the basic reproduction number (R0). Methods: We conducted a social contact survey with 213 residents of five informal settlements around Nairobi in early May 2020, four weeks after the Kenyan government introduced enhanced physical distancing measures and a curfew between 7pm and 5am. Respondents were asked to report all direct physical and non-physical contacts made the previous day, alongside a questionnaire asking about the social and economic impact of COVID-19 and control measures. We examined contact patterns by demographic factors, including socioeconomic status. We described the impact of COVID-19 and control measures on income and food security. We compared contact patterns during control measures to patterns from non-pandemic periods to estimate the change in R0. Findings: We estimate that control measures reduced physical and non-physical contacts, reducing the R0 from around 2.6 to between 0.5 and 0.7, depending on the pre-COVID-19 comparison matrix used. Masks were worn by at least one person in 92% of contacts. Respondents in the poorest socioeconomic quintile reported 1.5 times more contacts than those in the richest. 86% of respondents reported a total or partial loss of income due to COVID-19, and 74% reported eating less or skipping ...
The current administration has announced that one of the foreign policy objectives of the United States is to improve relations with developing countries by being more responsive to their concerns. The former administration was also moving in the same direction, as demonstrated by the Kissinger proposals to the seventh special session of the United Nations in 1975 and by U.S. agreement to the extensive plan of action called for by a final omnibus resolution of the United Nations Conference for Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in Nairobi in May 1976.
The importance of watercourses to human life and development cannot be overemphasised. From communication, trade, agriculture and the location of human settlements, they have played an immeasurable role. Almost 60% of Africa lies within shared rivers and lake basins. The Nile is shared by more than seven nations, the Zambezi by six, and the Congo by nine. With populations on the rise, many countries have been labeled "water scarce" nations, and in fifteen years it is predicted that many people on earth will be exposed to water shortage consequences such as famine and disease. Thirteen African nations already suffer "water stress" and soon another twelve will join the list unless something is done to thwart the problem. On March 20, 2009 in Nairobi, Hekima College collaborated with Jesuit Hakimani Centre and the French Institute for Research in Africa (IFRA) to host the Hekima College Water Day Academic Seminar with the theme Shared Waters, Shared Opportunities. This book is the result of critical research and presentations by internationally renowned scholars, researchers and experts, and students of the Institute of Peace Studies and International Relations-Hekima College. For most of 2009 Kenya suffered severe problems caused by flooding which took many lives and destroyed homes and important infrastructures. It highlighted the issues of water management and water conflicts, not only in Kenya but in other parts of East Africa, as it was made abundantly clear that not only scarcity of water, but excess water, incorrectly managed, can be disastrous. This timely, scholarly book presents discussions of the issues which underlie the major water crises in the region. They open the debate into the water problems of Kenya and East Africa in an effort to join the global campaign to find solutions to these difficulties.
Die Autorin zeigt, wie Frauenbewegungen schon im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert das Konzept der Frauen und Menschenrechte mitprägten. Sie eröffnet den Blick auf Gender durch den Rückgriff auf die Kämpfe der Frauenbewegungen gegen Diskriminierung und Gewalt, für Freiheit und Gleichheit. Die heutige Politik und Praxis des Gender Mainstreaming verortet sie in der Entwicklung von Frauen- und Menschenrechten vor allem im Kontext der Weltfrauenkonferenzen der Vereinten Nationen 1985 in Nairobi und 1995 in Peking. Dabei verweist sie auf die zentrale Rolle von NGOs und Basisorganisationen bei der Verankerung von frauen- und genderspezifischen Menschenrechten. Die unter dem Druck der Globalisierung entstandenen Krisenanalysen haben dazu geführt, dass Geschlechtergerechtigkeit eine existenzielle Voraussetzung für die Überwindung von Armut und das Überleben der Menschheit ist. Eng verbunden mit dem Recht auf Bildung steht sie deshalb auf der Agenda der Jahrtausendziele. Bildung hat nun die Aufgabe, Menschen zur Praxis der Geschlechtergerechtigkeit zu befähigen. (DIPF/Orig.) ; The author shows how feminist movements in the 18th and 19th century shaped the concept of feminist and human rights. She allows a perspective on gender by referring back to the fights of feminist movements against discrimination and violence, for freedom and equality. The current policy and practise of gender mainstreaming gets a place in the development of feminist and human rights, above all in the context of the global conferences for women of the United Nations in Nairobi 1985 and in Beijing 1995. The central role of NGOs and basic organizations for establishing feminist and gender specific human rights is shown. The analysis of crises, which developed under the pressure of globalisation led to the fact that gender fairness is a substantial condition to overcome poverty and to secure the survival of mankind. As closely connected with the right on education it is now put on the agenda for the millenium goals. Education now has the task to enable people to practice gender fairness. (DIPF/Orig.)
UN ideals, bureaucratic policies, & mandates regarding women & peace are considered. There is history of women's inclusion or exclusion from human rights debate on Palestinians, South Africans, & South Americans. Pivotal changes at the Second & Third World Conferences on Women (in Copenhagen, Denmark, & Nairobi, respectively) are reviewed. Significant post-Cold War events, including work by the UN Transition Assistance Group, preparations by the UN's Division for the Advancement of Women for the Commission on the Status of Women in preparation for the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, People's Republic of China, & the subsequent 1995 Declaration & Platform for Action debates are reviewed. A look at female inclusion in political decision making includes discussion of the participatory nature of democracy & data on women's voting rights & representation in government bodies. Women's historical status as "noncitizens" in many countries is contrasted with examples of their influence on political atmosphere, agenda, & conflict at national & international levels. Suggestions for further research on gender differences in peace-related areas & policy making are made. M. C. Leary
PART ONE. Ma'a lul: Famine. - The Horn of Africa 9. - Guled 12. - Maryam 22. - Ifo 32. - Nisho 46. - Isha 57. - Hawa Jube 62. - A Friday in Nairobi 68. - Maiden voyage 72. - The silent march 83. - Muna and Monday 88. - Live from Dadaab 102. - Billai 111. - PART TWO. Rob: Rain. - Kidnap 125. - The Jubaland Initiative 131. - Tawane 137. - Heroes day 146. - Kheyro 156. - Police! Police! 162. - Nomads in the city 174. - We are not here to impose solutions from afar 182. - Y = al-Shabaab 187. - Buufis 192. - Grufor 199. - In bed with the enemy 213. - PART THREE. Guri: Home. - Crackdown! 225. - The stain of sugar 231. - Becoming a leader 241. - Too much football 251. - The night watchman 263. - Sugar daddy 269. - Italy, or die trying 278. - Waiting for the moon 285. - Eid El-Fitr 295. - Solar mamas 306. - Knowledge never expires 314. - Welcome to Westgate 320. - Westgate two 328. - A lap dance with the UN 336. - A better place 344
