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The work examines if urbanization which took place within Ikwerre land in Rivers State produced Ikwerre development. The work observed that urbanization did not only removed Ikwerre people from their land; their natural heritage, but also gave them proximity advantage which should have given them easy access or advantage to develop at least more than other ethnic groups in Rivers State. On the contrary, other ethnic groups appears to have had a better head start than Ikwerre people even when their land is still intact and that urbanization eroded thoroughly Ikwerre culture especially their language. Based on these, the work recommended a re-invention of Ikwerre culture for development and peaceful opposition to forceful acquisition of Ikwerre land by the government among others.

Social stratification or the widening of income gap between the rich and the poor becomes a serious predicament whenever Asian countries experience rapid urbanization and industrialization. The author explores the urbanization of Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) and the vulnerable groups created by its processes, notably, a new urban poor sector comprised of spontaneous immigrant groups. Vulnerable groups, defined as "individuals or households who have unstable lives", account for the swelling urban population, high crime incidence and social unrest. A thorough study of these groups could positively transform government policies and the public mind-set toward them. Four conditions are described as vulnerability factors: 1) weak policies of the leading party and the government, 2)problems in the household, 3) risk and sudden changes, and 4) lack of social capital. To measure social poverty, the concep.s of vulnerability and vulnerable groups are introduced as a quid pro quo of the quantitative indicator poverty line (Pl). Urbanization, through the conversion of agricultural lands into industrial and commercial zones, alters the job structure of the rural sector. Rural farmers struggle to adjust to new social circumstances. Moreover, the poor are disenfranchised of their rights to affect the government's decision-making process. The phenomenon of "virtual urban planning" emerges, as huge urban projects remain unfulfilled because of social impediments.

Thepurpose thispaper is to provide a broad overview of the recent patternsand trends of urban growth, and to discuss the relationship between urbanization,economic and population growth and environment in Semarang City. Over the last20 years many urban areas have experienced dramatic growth, as a result of rapidpopulation growth and as the world's economy have been transformed by acombination of rapid technological and political change. Centralistic type ofdevelopment from New Era Government gives consequences in the formation ofmega urbanization. As a geographic phenomenon, urbanization is seen as acontinuumfrom community level until global level. In the cases of Semarang, thereis much more than a doubling. Net migration in many cases contributes as muchas two thirds of the population growth in these zones, whereas in the city cores, netmigration contributes little to growth. The main factor which is influencingurbanization process in Semarang is the growth of service sector, especiallyinformal activities. A comprehensive model suggests that urbanization in Semarangis influenced by structural and social demographic factors. So, the balancebetween managing urban discharges to environment and enhancing environmentalresource capacity is key determinant of the sustainability of the development inSemarang and livabilitY in general

"Cover" -- "Half Title Page " -- "Title Page " -- "Copyright Page " -- "Original Title Page " -- "Original Copyright Page " -- "Contents" -- "List of tables" -- "List of maps" -- "List of figures" -- "Preface" -- "1 Introduction" -- "Poverty in South Africa" -- "Conclusion" -- "Notes" -- "2 Urban 'reform' under apartheid" -- "Urbanization trends" -- "Current urbanization policy" -- "The purpose of the urban and regional policies" -- "Conclusion" -- "Notes" -- "3 Government and economy in a democratic South Africa" -- "Capitalism and federalism" -- "The ANC and the desire for a welfare state" -- "Capital and the ANC" -- "Towards the post-apartheid state" -- "Notes" -- "Postscript" -- "4 Land for housing the poor on the PWV" -- "The housing problem" -- "The evolution of housing policy" -- "Democratic preconditions " -- "Policies intended to increase the supply of land" -- "The beginnings of a land policy" -- "Notes" -- "5 Regional economic policy" -- "The political origins of regional policy" -- "From growth centres to secondary cities " -- "South Africa's decentralization policy" -- "Does South Africa need a regional economic policy? " -- "Recommendations" -- "Notes" -- "6 Urban and rural development in the periphery" -- "Land redistribution" -- "Urbanization and the Transkei" -- "Conclusion" -- "Notes" -- "7 Conclusion" -- "Appendix: The freedom charter and the ANC's Constitutional Guidelines" -- "Bibliography