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Aus US-amerikanischer Sicht

Abstract
This article suggests that fashion communication, especially fashion advertising, is a form of propaganda, and that propaganda is sometimes disguised as a form of sartorial communication. Just as advertisers and marketers in modern corporate societies use propaganda to mobilize a target audience and to sell goods infinitely, early Communism in Hungary set its sights on women and sought to generate its ideology and practices through them. Understanding the social importance of fashion for women and aspiring to win over an apolitical female citizenry, Hungarian Communists chose a women's magazine, Asszonyok, which existed from 1945 to 1949, to help deliver its propaganda messages. This article also discusses examples of fashion communication in Asszonyok, with special focus on shoes, to show that the Communist Party regime in Hungary used sartorial symbolism as a primary tool of political persuasion aimed at women.

On a late winter's day in 1989 a grey-haired, round woman of about 80 in a padded jacket and a black beanie moved across 1st May Square in the centre of Taiyuan, the capital of Shanxi province. She was presenting awards to the PLA's most recent young "model soldiers" – recruits who had just finished top of their class in basic training. This wasBalu mama– the "Mother of the Eighth Route Army," Bao Lianzi. Now the retired head of a clinic, 50 years earlier she had been part of a women's support group for soldiers during the War of Resistance to Japan, in her native Wuxiang. At that time, Wuxiang, together with Liaoxian and Licheng counties in South-east Shanxi, and Shexian in Northern Henan, was the core of the Taihang Base Area, itself the centre of the Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong-Henan Border Region and one of the major base areas behind Japanese lines. It supported the field headquarters of the Eighth Route Army under Peng Dehuai; the offices of the North China Bureau under Yang Shangkun; and Deng Xiaoping, eyes and ears for Mao Zedong on the front line.

At a recent meeting held in Suurup, Estonia, sponsored by Washington (DC)-based Women in International Security & Moscow (Russia)-based Women in Global Security, academics & policymakers from Russia, Ukraine, Estonia, the US, & the Federal Republic of Germany discussed the declining material situation of women in postcommunist states & addressed national differences. Improvements (eg, removal of general social repression, more widely available birth control) & set-backs (eg, disproportionate unemployment, decline in political representation) in gender relations since the fall of communism were considered. Attenders addressed the crucial issue of finding new identities, including both gender & ethnic identities. Nationalists offer women the security of both, & many women are drawn to this offer. E. Blackwell

RESUMEN La tarea de este artículo es revelar los cambios en el carácter de las mujeres en la era post-soviética, el trabajo considera particularmente el papel de instituciones socialistas prominentes, particularmente la Universidad comunista de trabajadoras del este (KUTV) y sus aspectos socioeconómicos, culturales e influencia política en las mujeres kazajas. Este artículo examina principalmente las actividades de una institución socialista principal, "Universidad comunista de trabajadoras del este" en una categoría específica de personas "mujeres kazajas". El análisis presentado por el autor ofrece a los lectores una comprensión clara de cómo funcionan las universidades y la importancia que tuvo y sigue teniendo para las mujeres kazajas.ABSTRACT The task of this article is to disclose the changes in character of women in the post-soviet era, the work particularly considers the role of prominent socialist institutions, particularly the Communist university of eastern toilers (KUTV) and its socio-economic, cultural and political influence on Kazakh women. This article principally examines the activities of one main socialist institution, "Communist university of eastern toilers" on a specific category of people "kazakh women". The analysis presented by the author gives readers a clear understanding of how the universities operated and the significance it had and continues to have on kazakh women.