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In the new country of Timor-Leste, women constituted in 2011 32 per cent of the parliament, a relatively high figure in the world and in the region. But to what extent has the presence of women in parliament contributed to progress towards gender equality

In the new country of Timor-Leste, women constituted in 2011 32 per cent of the parliament, a relatively high figure in the world and in the region. But to what extent has the presence of women in parliament contributed to progress towards gender equality

Die Bundesregierung plant mit dem "Gesetz zur Begrenzung der mit Finanzinvestitionen verbundenen Risiken" (Risikobegrenzungsgesetz), das derzeit als Regierungsentwurf vorliegt, gesamtwirtschaftlich unerwünschte Aktivitäten von Finanzinvestoren zu erschweren oder zu verhindern. Dabei sollen Finanz- oder Unternehmenstransaktionen, die effizienzfördernd wirken, unbeeinträchtigt bleiben. Inwieweit der RegE-Risikobegrenzungsgesetz dieses selbstgesetzte Ziel erreichen wird, ist derzeit nicht absehbar. Absehbar ist hingegen, dass die im RegE-Risikobegrenzungsgesetz enthaltene neue übernahmerechtliche Regel für das sog. "acting in concert" in einen Konflikt mit dem Gemeinschaftsrecht gerät. Diesen Konflikt und seine Gründe zeigt der Beitrag auf. Dazu wird in Teil A. zunächst der neue Tatbestand vorgestellt und sodann unter B. seine Vereinbarkeit mit der Übernahmerichtlinie (I.) sowie mit der Kapitalverkehrsfreiheit (II.) untersucht. Unter C. werden die Ergebnisse zusammengefasst.

"There is a debate among social scientists regarding the existence of a peer externality commonly referred to as 'acting white.' Using a newly available data set (the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health), which allows one to construct an objective measure of a student's popularity, we demonstrate that there are large racial differences in the relationship between popularity and academic achievement; our (albeit narrow) definition of 'acting white.' The effect is intensified among high achievers and in schools with more interracial contact, but non-existent among students in predominantly black schools or private schools. The patterns in the data appear most consistent with a two-audience signaling model in which investments in education are thought to be indicative of an individual's opportunity costs of peer group loyalty. Other models we consider, such as self-sabotage among black youth or the presence of an oppositional culture, all contradict the data in important ways"--National Bureau of Economic Research Web site

"Details the often incomplete, incoherent, and ineffectual U.S. energy policy, tackling specific policy questions: Why are these components of energy policy so important? How would 'acting in time'---not waiting until politics demands action---make a difference? What should our policy actually be? Proposes measures to overcome this counterproductive tendency" - Provided by publisher

AbstractWhile acting officials in federal agencies have become more common in recent years, presidents still utilize the traditional nomination process, which constrains presidents' choices, for most executive branch appointments. Recent work emphasizes presidents' incentives for using acting officials, but few scholars have considered what keeps presidents from using them even more often. We argue presidents' use of acting officials, like other forms of unilateral action, is constrained by public opinion; while actings may be expeditious policy tools for presidents, the public perceives them to undermine the executive branch's legitimacy and competence and punishes presidents accordingly. Through three survey experiments leveraging real‐world instances of President Joe Biden's usage of acting officials, we find little evidence the public reacts negatively to acting officials in agency leadership. While some institutional forces must encourage presidents to seek senatorial advice and consent for their nominees, our evidence does not indicate public opinion provides that constraint.

I. The Evolution of Scientific Conceptions of Uncertainty and Their Social Underpinnings -- 1. Coping with Uncertainty in Natural Science: 1200–1700 -- 2. Political, Moral, and Economic Decisions and the Origins of the Mathematical Theory of Probability: The Case of Jacob Bernoulli's The Art of Conjecturing -- 3. The Quantification of Uncertainty After 1700: Statistics Socially Constructed? -- 4. Uncertainty and the Conditioning of Beliefs -- 5. The Unity of Probability -- 6. Necessity, Chance, and Freedom -- II. Risk Analysis and Social Responsibility -- 7. Risk in Cultural Perspective -- 8. Statistical Hypothesis Tests and Statistical Power in Pure and Applied Science -- 9. Uncertainty in Environmental Risk Assessment -- 10. Uncertainty in Morals and Politics -- III. Learning and Acting Under Uncertainty -- 11. Re-Modeling Risk Aversion: A Comparison of Bernoullian and Rank Dependent Value Approaches -- 12. Neither Gullible Nor Unteachable Be: Signal Extraction and the Optimal Speed of Learning from Uncertain News -- 13. Rethinking Rational Expectations -- 14. Multiattribute Decision Models: Task Order and Group Effects -- IV. Coping With Extreme Forms of Uncertainty -- 15. Measuring Vague Uncertainties and Understanding Their Use in Decision Making -- 16. Quantifying Vagueness and Possibility: New Trends in Knowledge Representation -- 17. Chaos and Complexity in Economic and Financial Science -- 18. Information.