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Desks and chairs are supporting facilities for learning activities at various school levels, especially elementary schools or mostly known as SD. The Government of Dumai City through the Education authorities provided desks and chairs for learning process. SD 008 Purnama is one of the schools that received desks and chairs as aid. However the desks and chairs provided are not ergonomic in terms of the size of desks and chairs compared to size of student's body. Somehow the un-ergonomic desks and chairs generate uncomfortable during learning and teaching process. In order to have proper anthropometry data of student of SD 008 Purnama and to be recommended to determine the size of desks and chairs ergonomically is the main purpose of this study.This study discusses the ergonomics of the design of the desks and chairs in elementary schools by using anthropometric data of students in grade 1 and 6. The research method used is quantitative research using the anthropometric approach. This research was conducted at SD 008 Purnama so that it can be used as main reference for the size desks and chairs for All elementary schools in the city of Dumai.The results of this study were the recommended Desk and chair sizes based on anthropometric data of students at SD 008 Purnama. Anthropometric data obtained were the high of desk and chair which can be raised and lowered. The high of desk was obtained 42.40 cm-67.35 cm and chair 29.22 cm-42.94 cm. However also obtained the length of desk was 64,57 cm, width 59.02 cm, the high of desk surface from below was 37.72 cm, the length of chair was 43.16 cm, the width of seat base was 36.89 cm, chair back height was 38.55 cm, chair back width was 38.55 cm and the high of footrest for desk and chair was 7.17 cm

Introduction and objectives: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is rising worldwide with a rapid increase in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). At the same time, prevalences of overweight and obesity are increasing dramatically in this region, particularly in urban areas. However, SSA is still dealing with infectious diseases such as malaria, HIV-infections and tuberculosis. This double burden poses a major public health challenge in this region, where financial and health resources are limited. Although obesity and the nutritional behavior are the main modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes, their relationship is only insufficiently investigated in SSA. Therefore, the first objective of this thesis was to evaluate the associations between various anthropometric measures and type 2 diabetes and to assess the appropriateness of specific cut-off points for the body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) in an urban Ghanaian study population. The second object of this thesis was to describe the dietary behavior and to examine the associations between dietary patterns derived by an exploratory factor analysis and type 2 diabetes. The third aim was to identify a dietary pattern by using the reduced rank regression (RRR) approach and to evaluate the association between this pattern and type 2 diabetes in this study population. Data and Methods: Data from 1221 study participants (542 type 2 diabetes cases and 679 controls) of the Kumasi Diabetes and Hypertension (KDH) study was used. The KDH study is an unmatched case-control study, which was conducted at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH) in Kumasi, Ghana between August 2007 and June 2008. All participants underwent an anthropometrical examination and the habitual dietary intake was assessed by one 24 hour dietary recall and a locally specific food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Each participant provided a blood sample and type 2 diabetes was defined as having a fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7mmol/L and/or documented anti-diabetic medication. First, associations between various anthropometric measures and type 2 diabetes were evaluated by multivariate-adjusted logistic regression analysis. Additionally, the discriminative power and population-specific cut-off points for type 2 diabetes were identified by receiver operating characteristic curves. Finally, the optimal cut-off points for BMI, WC and WHR were assessed by the Youden-Index. Second, the dietary behavior of the study population was assessed by an FFQ. Dietary patterns were identified by using an exploratory factor analysis (including 33 food items) and their associations with type 2 diabetes were evaluated by multivariate-adjusted logistic regression analysis. Third, a dietary pattern was identified by using RRR with adiponectin, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides as response variables and 35 food items as predictor variables and the association between the dietary pattern score and type 2 diabetes was assessed applying multivariate-adjusted logistic regression analysis. Results: First, measures of central obesity, but not of general obesity, were positively associated with type 2 diabetes in women and men. Specifically, BMI was not associated with type 2 diabetes, while WHR showed the strongest association in both sexes, independent of BMI. Furthermore, WHR showed the best discriminative ability for type 2 diabetes and a cut-off point of ≥ 0.88 in women and ≥ 0.90 in men were the optimal WHR cut-off points in this SSA population. The recommended cut-off points for BMI and WC had a poor predictive ability with a low sensitivity and specificity. Second, the dietary behavior was characterized by a high intake of carbohydrate- and fat- dense foods, such as plantain, banku, bread, rice, fish and palm oil. Two dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis: The "purchase" dietary pattern was characterized by a high consumption of sweets, rice, protein-rich foods (red meat, poultry, eggs and milk), fruits and vegetables and low consumption of plantain. This pattern was inversely associated with type 2 diabetes. The "traditional" dietary pattern was characterized by a high intake of plantain, green leafy vegetables, fish, fermented maize products, and palm oil and was associated with an increased odds of type 2 diabetes. Third, a dietary pattern was derived by RRR, which was characterized by a high consumption of plantain, garden egg and cassava and a low intake of juice, sweets, vegetable oil, rice, hot chocolate, soft drinks, eggs and red meat. This pattern was positively associated with serum triglyceride concentrations and negatively with HDL-cholesterol, but not with adiponectin. The odds for type 2 diabetes increased significantly with increasing pattern score. Conclusion: This study highlights the important role of central obesity for the risk of type 2 diabetes in an SSA population. Furthermore, the current recommended cut-off points for obesity measures are inappropriate to assess diabetes risk in this urban Ghanaian population. Further investigations are needed to evaluate the rationale of country- or region-specific cut-off points for anthropometric indices to identify individuals with type 2 diabetes in SSA. Findings of the second part show that two diverse dietary patterns are identified and strongly associated with type 2 diabetes in urban Ghana. Therefore, further investigations are warranted to clarify the determinants of adherences to dietary patterns and to verify these patterns in other West-African populations. Findings of the third part suggest that adherence to traditional food items and low preference for purchased foods relate to increased serum triglycerides and decreased HDL-cholesterol, both risk factors for type 2 diabetes, and as a consequence may increase the risk for type 2 diabetes. Finally, the reproducibility of the association between the RRR-derived dietary pattern and type 2 diabetes should be evaluated in independent populations. ; Hintergrund und Zielstellung: Die Typ-2-Diabetesprävalenz nimmt weltweit stetig zu, mit einem rapiden Anstieg besonders in sub-Sahara Afrika (SSA). Gleichzeitig steigt die Prävalenz an Übergewicht und Adipositas drastisch an, insbesondere in den städtischen Gebieten dieser Region. Zudem wird das Gesundheitssystem in SSA immer noch durch Infektionskrankheiten wie Malaria, HIV-Infektionen und Tuberkulose belastet. Diese Doppelbelastung stellt eine große gesundheitspolitische Herausforderung für diese Region dar, in der finanzielle und gesundheitliche Ressourcen begrenzt sind. Adipositas und das Ernährungsverhalten sind die wichtigsten modifizierbaren Risikofaktoren für Typ-2-Diabetes, jedoch ist ihre Beziehung bislang nur unzureichend in SSA untersucht. Daher war das erste Ziel dieser Arbeit, die Zusammenhänge zwischen verschiedenen anthropometrischen Maßen und dem Typ-2-Diabetes Risiko zu untersuchen, sowie die Übertragbarkeit der spezifischen Grenzwerte für den Body Mass Index (BMI), den Taillenumfang und dem Taille-Hüft-Verhältnis (WHR) in einer urbanen ghanaischen Studienpopulation zu beurteilen. Das zweite Ziel war das Ernährungsverhalten zu charakterisieren und die Zusammenhänge zwischen Ernährungsmustern, die mittels einer explorativen Faktorenanalyse identifiziert wurden, und dem Typ-2-Diabetes Risiko zu untersuchen. Das dritte Ziel war es ein Ernährungsmuster mittels reduzierter Rangregression (RRR) zu identifizieren und dessen Zusammenhang mit dem Typ-2-Diabetes Risiko in dieser Studienpopulation zu untersuchen. Datengrundlage und Methoden: Daten von 1221 Studienteilnehmern (542 Typ-2-Diabetes Fälle und 679 Kontrollen) der Kumasi Diabetes und Hypertonie (KDH) Studie wurden analysiert. Die KDH-Studie ist eine ungepaarte Fall-Kontroll-Studie, die am Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH) in Kumasi, Ghana von August 2007 bis Juni 2008 durchgeführt wurde. Die anthropometrische Untersuchung wurde von geschultem Krankenhauspersonal am leicht bekleideten Studienteilnehmer durchgeführt. Das Ernährungsverhalten wurde mithilfe eines lokal spezifischen Verzehrshäufigkeits-fragebogens (FFQ) und eines 24 Stunden Ernährungsprotokolls ermittelt. Jedem Teilnehmer wurde eine Blutprobe entnommen. Typ-2-Diabetes wurde definiert als Nüchternblutzucker ≥ 7mmol/L und/oder bekannte Antidiabetika-Behandlung. Im ersten Teil dieser Dissertation wurden die Zusammenhänge zwischen verschiedenen anthropometrischen Maßen und dem Typ-2-Diabetes Risiko mittels multivariat-adjustierter logistischer Regressionsanalyse untersucht. Die Fläche unter der Receiver Operating Characteristic Kurve (ROC-AUC) wurde zum Vergleich der diskriminativen Fähigkeit der anthropometrischen Maße zur Identifizierung von Diabetikern genutzt, sowie zur Überprüfung von populationsspezifischen Grenzwerten. Schließlich wurden die optimalen Grenzwerte mithilfe des Youden-Index ermittelt. Im zweiten Teil dieser Dissertation wurde das Ernährungsverhalten der Studienpopulation mithilfe eines FFQs charakterisiert. Des Weiteren wurden Ernährungsmuster mittels einer explorativen Faktorenanalyse, basierend auf 33 Lebensmitteln des FFQs, identifiziert und die Assoziationen zwischen den Ernährungsmustern und dem Typ-2-Diabetes Risiko mittels multivariat-adjustierter logistischer Regressionsanalyse untersucht. Im dritten Teil dieser Dissertation wurde mittels RRR mit den Aufnahmemengen von 35 Lebensmitteln als Prädiktoren und den Serumkonzentrationen von Adiponektin, HDL-Cholesterin und Triglyzeriden als Response-Variablen ein Ernährungsmuster hergeleitet und die Assoziation mit dem Typ-2-Diabetes Risiko mithilfe der multivariat-adjustierten logistischen Regressionsanalyse untersucht. Ergebnisse: Die ersten Ergebnisse zeigten, dass Maße der zentralen Adipositas, aber nicht der generellen Adipositas, positiv mit dem Typ-2-Diabetes Risiko sowohl bei Frauen als auch bei Männern assoziiert waren. WHR war der stärkste Risikofaktor in beiden Geschlechtern, unabhängig vom BMI. Der Vergleich der ROC-AUCs zeigte, dass die WHR das beste anthropometrische Maß zur Identifizierung von Diabetikern sowohl in Männern als auch in Frauen war. Der optimale WHR-Grenzwert für Frauen lag bei ≥ 0.88 und bei Männern ≥ 0.90 in dieser afrikanischen Bevölkerung. Die empfohlenen Grenzwerte für BMI und Taillenumfang hingegen hatten eine schlechte Vorhersagekraft mit einer niedrigen Sensitivität und Spezifität. Das Ernährungsverhalten war durch eine hohe Aufnahme von kohlenhydrat- und fettreichen Lebensmitteln (Kochbanane, fermentierte Maisprodukte, Brot, Reis, Fisch und Palmöl) charakterisiert. Zwei Ernährungsmuster wurden mittels Faktorenanalyse identifiziert: Das "industriell geprägte" Ernährungsmuster war charakterisiert durch einen hohen Verzehr von Süßigkeiten, Reis, eiweißreichen Lebensmitteln (rotes Fleisch, Geflügel, Eier und Milch), Obst und Gemüse und niedrigen Verzehr von Kochbananen. Dieses Muster war invers mit dem Typ-2-Diabetes Risiko assoziiert. Das "traditionelle" Ernährungsmuster hingegen war gekennzeichnet durch einen hohen Verzehr von Kochbananen, grünem Blattgemüse, Fisch, fermentierten Maisprodukten und Palmöl. Es war mit einem erhöhten Risiko für Typ-2-Diabetes assoziiert. Mithilfe der RRR wurde ein Ernährungsmuster hergeleitet, das durch einen hohen Verzehr von Kochbananen, Aubergine und Maniok sowie einen geringen Verzehr an Saft, Süßigkeiten, Pflanzenöl, Reis, Softgetränken, Eier und rotem Fleisch charakterisiert war. Dieses Muster war mit erhöhten Serumkonzentrationen an Triglyzeriden und erniedrigten HDL-Cholesterin assoziiert, aber zeigte keinen Zusammenhang mit Adiponektin. Ein hoher Musterscore war mit einem erhöhten Risiko für Typ-2-Diabetes assoziiert. Schlussfolgerung: Diese Studie unterstreicht die wichtige Rolle der zentralen Adipositas für das Risiko von Typ-2-Diabetes in einer afrikanischen Bevölkerung. Darüber hinaus sind die derzeit empfohlenen Grenzwerte für Übergewicht und Adipositas ungeeignet, um das Diabetes-Risiko in dieser ghanaischen Population zu beurteilen. Weitere Untersuchungen sind notwendig, um Länder- oder Regions-spezifische Grenzwerte für anthropometrische Maße zu untersuchen, um Personen mit Typ-2-Diabetes in SSA zu identifizieren. Die Ergebnisse des zweiten Teils zeigen, dass zwei unterschiedliche Ernährungsmuster identifiziert wurden, die stark mit dem Typ-2-Diabetes Risiko assoziiert sind. Die Determinanten für die Einhaltung, sowie die Verifizierung dieser Muster sollten in anderen Westafrikanischen Populationen weiter untersucht werden. Die Ergebnisse des dritten Teils weisen darauf hin, dass der hohe Verzehr an "traditionellen" Lebensmitteln sowie der geringe Verzehr an "industriell geprägten" Lebensmitteln Serumkonzentration an Triglyzeriden erhöhen und HDL-Cholesterin senken könnten, beides Risikofaktoren für Typ-2-Diabetes, und dadurch zu einem erhöhten Risiko für Typ-2-Diabetes führen können. Die Reproduzierbarkeit des Zusammenhanges zwischen diesem Ernährungsmuster und dem Typ-2-Diabetes Risiko sollte in unabhängigen Studienpopulationen überprüft werden.

Background: Maternal anthropometric measurements have influence on birth weight of neonates with varying extent and can be used to screen high risk pregnancies. Objective: To identify appropriate maternal anthropometric cut-off values associated with high risk of delivering Low Birth Weight (LBW) neonates in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: An analytical cross sectional study was carried out in 2 government and 5 private hospitals in Lahore. Postnatal women were approached consecutively and those fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and gave written consent were enrolled in the study. Anthropometric measurements i.e. weight, height and mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) of 800 postnatal women and birth weight of their neonates were recorded. Ethical approval was obtained from Institutional Review Board (IRB) of one of the hospital. Data was analyzed with the help of SPSS version 22. Results: Mean maternal age was 27.72(+4.392) years and mean maternal education was 12.1(+4.425) years. Optimum cut-offs to detect risk of LBW were identified as MUAC <28.75 cm (OR=1.334,CI=0.919-1.935), height <157.5 cm (OR=2.134,CI=1.460-3.120), booking weight <62.5 kg (OR=1.971,CI=1.349-2.881), pre-delivery weight <72.5 kg (OR=2.348,CI=1.593-3.461), booking BMI <26.6 kg/m2 (OR=1.003,CI=0.680-1.479), pre-delivery

Nutrition problem solving, including stunting, in South Sulawesi have been done by many government programs, and well as people initiative solution. Though this stunting problem still become a huge problem. Indonesian health data profile in 2011 reported that under-five-children nutrition prevalence status with TB/U index in South Sulawesi is remind in a high number of case, that is 38,8 % compared with national percentage 35,6 %. This problem deserve a special attention in South Sulawesi. One of amino acid that could help the acceleration of development process is cysteine Amino acid. It has an important role in accelerating hormone receptor transcription in zinc finger protein (ZFP) reaction, Transforming Growth Factor ? (TGF ?) induction and Cysteine Rich Intestinal Protein (CRIP) forming which is related to advance metabolic reaction. Cysteine amino acid providing is a must in metabolic reaction because Cysteine Rich Intestinal Protein (CRIP) is needed in macro and micro nutrition metabolic reaction. Cysteine amino acidic is an essential semi-amino acidic which is not provided fully by human

AbstractInsulin resistance and obesity are underlying causes of type 2 diabetes and therefore much interest is focused on the potential genes involved. A series of anthropometric and metabolic characteristic were measured in 240 MZ and 112 DZ twin pairs recruited from the East Flanders Prospective Twin Survey. Microsatellite markers located close to ABCC8, ADIPOQ, GCK, IGF1, IGFBP1, INSR, LEP, LEPR, PPARγ and the RETN gene were genotyped. Univariate single point variance components linkage analyses were performed using two methods: (1) the standard method, only comprising the phenotypic and genotypic data of the DZ twin pairs and (2) the extended method, also incorporating the phenotypic data of the MZ twin pairs. Suggestive linkages (LOD > 1) were observed between the ABCC8 marker and waist-to-hip ratio and HDL-cholesterol levels. Both markers flanking ADIPOQ showed suggestive linkage with triglycerides levels, the upstream marker also with body mass and HDL-cholesterol levels. The IGFBP1 marker showed suggestive linkage with fat mass, fasting insulin and leptin levels and the LEP marker showed suggestive linkage with birth weight. This study suggests that DNA variants in ABCC8, ADIPOQ, IGFBP1 and LEP gene region may predispose to type 2 diabetes. In addition, the two methods used to perform linkage analyses yielded similar results. This was however not the case for birth weight where chorionicity seems to be an important confounder.

Reconnaissance a detainee appears to be a constant requirement in the long term of prison history. From the former regime to the present day, every person lawfully detained is subject to a special registration procedure which certifies that he or she has entered and left the detention facility. The nut register is thus the official book on which the identity of the detainees is entered. The prisoners were recognised for a long time by the 'morgueur' guard, who had the task of carefully disviewing any new entrant. Until the 19th century, the identification of the litigant generally consisted of a simple statement, verified during the proceedings by the collection of testimonies. However, in order to distinguish between recidivists and certain categories of convicted persons, the judiciary has for a long time used a power to mark guilty bodies. Nowadays, identification by the measure occupies a limited place in the nut procedure at the Prison Registry. It is mainly computerised. However, the 'reporting' part of the incarceration maintains, as a survivor, the mention of size, barb, eye colour, corpulence, hair colour, special signs and observations. The only identification measure is the taking of the left index stamp on the escort record. However, the identification of detainees remains a crucial issue for prison administration. ; International audience ; Reconnaissance a detainee appears to be a constant requirement in the long term of prison history. From the former regime to the present day, every person lawfully detained is subject to a special registration procedure which certifies that he or she has entered and left the detention facility. The nut register is thus the official book on which the identity of the detainees is entered. The prisoners were recognised for a long time by the 'morgueur' guard, who had the task of carefully disviewing any new entrant. Until the 19th century, the identification of the litigant generally consisted of a simple statement, verified during the proceedings by the collection ...

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-höhe; Stammlänge; Brustbreite und -tiefe; Schulterbreite;
Beckenbreite; Trizeps; Hüfte, Bauch; Brust.

Körpermaße Nichtschwangerer.

Themen: Alter; Körpergewicht und -höhe; Stammlänge; Brustbreite
und -tiefe; Schulterbreite; Beckenbreite.