The aim of this article is to assess the consequences of the interpretation of the terms 'vehicle' and 'use of a vehicle' in the light of the case of Damijan Vnuk v Zavarovalnica Trigalev (C-162/13) the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in accordance with the objectives set out in the Motor Insurance Directive.
In 21st century technological development never takes a break and progress itself is growing rapidly. The society reacts to the occurrence of new technologies, in particular while the usage of the above-stated technologies ends up in sharp conflicts. Regardless the type of technological product and the area where the latter is allocated, whenever the usage of new technologies produces a conflict it must be the case of a precise and qualitative legal regulation addressing the most accurate solution. In 2018, after the number of changes occurred within the motor insurance sector, European Commission admitted the necessary to include electrically power assisted cycles (EPACs) within the scope of the motor third party liability regulation. The regulation of ebikes in terms of the Motor Insurance Directive would be a wrong step at the European Union level due to the environmental, social, both human and financial resources reasons. At this stage, it is inevitably important to distinguish alternative transport, which must be accurately regulated at the European Union level from the one that shall remain untouched in terms of the legal intervention for the purposes of motor third party liability regulation. High technologies and technological progress are not always connected with inevitable necessity to provide with the legal regulation in particular field. Instead, both human and financial resources should be concentrated on the dimension of areas where conflicts are hardly or even impossible to be solved without imperative intervention of the qualitative legal regulation.
The aim of this article is to assess the consequences of the interpretation of the terms 'vehicle' and 'use of a vehicle' in the light of the case of Damijan Vnuk v Zavarovalnica Trigalev (C-162/13) the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in accordance with the objectives set out in the Motor Insurance Directive.
In 21st century technological development never takes a break and progress itself is growing rapidly. The society reacts to the occurrence of new technologies, in particular while the usage of the above-stated technologies ends up in sharp conflicts. Regardless the type of technological product and the area where the latter is allocated, whenever the usage of new technologies produces a conflict it must be the case of a precise and qualitative legal regulation addressing the most accurate solution. In 2018, after the number of changes occurred within the motor insurance sector, European Commission admitted the necessary to include electrically power assisted cycles (EPACs) within the scope of the motor third party liability regulation. The regulation of ebikes in terms of the Motor Insurance Directive would be a wrong step at the European Union level due to the environmental, social, both human and financial resources reasons. At this stage, it is inevitably important to distinguish alternative transport, which must be accurately regulated at the European Union level from the one that shall remain untouched in terms of the legal intervention for the purposes of motor third party liability regulation. High technologies and technological progress are not always connected with inevitable necessity to provide with the legal regulation in particular field. Instead, both human and financial resources should be concentrated on the dimension of areas where conflicts are hardly or even impossible to be solved without imperative intervention of the qualitative legal regulation.
The beginning of the 2020s ought to reflect a steady conclusion of the vast majority of the European Union's projects with regards to the new era of connectivity and mobility within the European Union dimension. We expect Intelligent Connected Vehicles (ICVs) to step into free circulation within the internal market. Since the operation of the ICVs depends on the number of data processing operations, data processing operations should be precisely determined and framed beforehand. ICVs data operations consist of extraordinarily large volumes and velocity of a data flow which previously existed in traditional relational database systems and could not have been processed within the desired timeframe. Even though the currently adopted database systems are ready to face the new level of data processing, a huge data stream is also faced with complex obstacles and new risks which have never been experienced beforehand.While seeking to ensure safe and secure introduction of a new level of data processing for connectivity and automation at the European Union market, the author precisely examines all potential risks and possibilities of integration into a uniform legal regulation to ensure secured ICVs data processing at all levels. The regulatory framework should document adequate security requirements and defences against ICVs attacks e.g. interference and remote-control interception.
In 21st century technological development never takes a break and progress itself is growing rapidly. The society reacts to the occurrence of new technologies, in particular while the usage of the above-stated technologies ends up in sharp conflicts. Regardless the type of technological product and the area where the latter is allocated, whenever the usage of new technologies produces a conflict it must be the case of a precise and qualitative legal regulation addressing the most accurate solution. In 2018, after the number of changes occurred within the motor insurance sector, European Commission admitted the necessary to include electrically power assisted cycles (EPACs) within the scope of the motor third party liability regulation. The regulation of ebikes in terms of the Motor Insurance Directive would be a wrong step at the European Union level due to the environmental, social, both human and financial resources reasons. At this stage, it is inevitably important to distinguish alternative transport, which must be accurately regulated at the European Union level from the one that shall remain untouched in terms of the legal intervention for the purposes of motor third party liability regulation. High technologies and technological progress are not always connected with inevitable necessity to provide with the legal regulation in particular field. Instead, both human and financial resources should be concentrated on the dimension of areas where conflicts are hardly or even impossible to be solved without imperative intervention of the qualitative legal regulation.
The beginning of the 2020s ought to reflect a steady conclusion of the vast majority of the European Union's projects with regards to the new era of connectivity and mobility within the European Union dimension. We expect Intelligent Connected Vehicles (ICVs) to step into free circulation within the internal market. Since the operation of the ICVs depends on the number of data processing operations, data processing operations should be precisely determined and framed beforehand. ICVs data operations consist of extraordinarily large volumes and velocity of a data flow which previously existed in traditional relational database systems and could not have been processed within the desired timeframe. Even though the currently adopted database systems are ready to face the new level of data processing, a huge data stream is also faced with complex obstacles and new risks which have never been experienced beforehand. While seeking to ensure safe and secure introduction of a new level of data processing for connectivity and automation at the European Union market, the author precisely examines all potential risks and possibilities of integration into a uniform legal regulation to ensure secured ICVs data processing at all levels. The regulatory framework should document adequate security requirements and defences against ICVs attacks e.g. interference and remote-control interception.
The beginning of the 2020s ought to reflect a steady conclusion of the vast majority of the European Union's projects with regards to the new era of connectivity and mobility within the European Union dimension. We expect Intelligent Connected Vehicles (ICVs) to step into free circulation within the internal market. Since the operation of the ICVs depends on the number of data processing operations, data processing operations should be precisely determined and framed beforehand. ICVs data operations consist of extraordinarily large volumes and velocity of a data flow which previously existed in traditional relational database systems and could not have been processed within the desired timeframe. Even though the currently adopted database systems are ready to face the new level of data processing, a huge data stream is also faced with complex obstacles and new risks which have never been experienced beforehand. While seeking to ensure safe and secure introduction of a new level of data processing for connectivity and automation at the European Union market, the author precisely examines all potential risks and possibilities of integration into a uniform legal regulation to ensure secured ICVs data processing at all levels. The regulatory framework should document adequate security requirements and defences against ICVs attacks e.g. interference and remote-control interception.
The article focuses on relations between the revived Polish state and the Belarusian minority in Poland during 1920–1921 as reflected in the Western Belarusian press. While initially the press in Western Belarusian press was mostly positive about the revival of Poland and expected support for Belarusian national aspirations from Polish democracy, later this attitude changed for the worse as the Western Belarusian press and public became increasingly dissatisfied with the national policy of the Polish authorities towards the Belarusian minority.
The article considers and studies the problem of psychophysiological adaptation of freshmen through the concretization of the very concept of adaptation and determination of the time period of the adaptation period. Moreover, carried out a scientific analysis and experimental study of key aspects of psycho-physiological adaptation of first-year students. The levels of adaptive and communicative abilities, neuropsychic stability and moral norm, indicators of psychophysiological adaptation and the main features that indicate the sources of maladaptation have been determined. The criteria for psychophysiological adaptation (state of health, mood, anxiety, fatigue, activity behavior) are highlighted, and prospects for further research are formulated.
According to the results of the work it was found that most freshmen have high rates of development of communicative abilities and moral normativity. They really assess their role in the team, in relationships, focusing on compliance with generally accepted norms of behavior. Freshmen are capable of accepting other people as they are, respect their originality and the right to be themselves. The development of such an ability characterizes them as a mature personality.
High optimism score and high ability for somatic regulation were found. In addition, a moderate (average) level of psychophysiological maladaptation was found in young people. From time to time, they have certain difficulties associated with changes in the forms, teaching and assessment methods that are characteristic of a comprehensive school, and most often they experience problems due to a deterioration in well- being, namely, due to the characteristics of individual mental processes of freshmen, a decrease their overall activity and a decrease in motivation for any activity. Freshmen are dominated by a low level of development of adaptive abilities and neuropsychic stability.
The data obtained indicate the need to develop a system of measures to update the adaptive capabilities of freshmen. We identified this direction as a promising vector for further studies of this problem.
In: Visnyk Nacionalʹnoi͏̈ akademii͏̈ kerivnych kadriv kulʹtury i mystectv: National Academy of Managerial Staff of Culture and Arts herald, Band 0, Heft 4
In: Visnyk Nacionalʹnoi͏̈ akademii͏̈ kerivnych kadriv kulʹtury i mystectv: National Academy of Managerial Staff of Culture and Arts herald, Band 0, Heft 4
In: Visnyk Nacionalʹnoi͏̈ akademii͏̈ kerivnych kadriv kulʹtury i mystectv: National Academy of Managerial Staff of Culture and Arts herald, Band 0, Heft 3
The article attempts to make sense of recent developments in Hungary's relationship with the EU and the US by explicating the logic behind the formation of its post-Cold War identity. The article's central theoretical argument derives from social identity theory (SIT) in social psychology which argues that social groups strive for positive distinctiveness and provides concrete hypotheses concerning the identity management strategies that groups use to enhance their relative position. Extrapolating the identity management techniques predicted by SIT to international politics, I suggest that states may enhance their relative standing by imitating more advanced states (strategy of social mobility), trying to displace the higher-ranked state (strategy of social competition), or finding a new arena in which to be superior (strategy of social creativity). The article argues that Orban's government post- 2010 steps in domestic and foreign policy can be conceptualized as attempts to redefine Hungary's identity by moving away from the strategy of social mobility pursued since the end of communism towards the strategy of social creativity.
