Suchergebnisse

The responsiveness of farm entrepreneurs to changes in
agricultural prices, even in a traditional agrarian setting, is well
established. Research on Pakistan's agriculture by Afzal [1], and Gotsch
and Falcon, [6] have shown that the response of farm producers to prices
is positive and rational, and that they allocate their resources to crop
and livestock activities under the influence of prices and other
relevant economic parameters instead of being guided by sheer
traditions. Desired development objectives in the farm sector can,
therefore, be realized through judicious manipulation of the prices of
farm pro¬ducts and farm inputs. Policy makers have quite a few options
to obtain desired changes in agricultural prices. These options range
from direct intervention in the marketing of agricultural produce and
supplies, to price fixation, international trade regulation, and the
like.

The Population Growth Estimation (PGE) experiment of Pakistan,
launched in 1961 to collect data on births and deaths through a sampling
approach, yielded estimates of vital rates for the years 1962 through
1965. The statistics obtained through the PGE for each of the former two
wings of the country namely West Pakistan (now Pakistan) and East
Pakistan (now Bangla¬desh) were included in the two reports on PGE which
also provided a description of the project design and some of the
results [4, 5]. The overall aim of the PGE was to arrive at reliable
estimates of birth and death rates through improved coverage by the
simultaneous use of Longitudinal Registration (LR) and retrospective
Cross-sectional Survey (CS), which were each independently carried out
in the same sample areas. The purpose behind using the two systems was
that either the registration or the survey when used alone would miss
some events of births and deaths which had actually occurred, whereas
under the dual system if one system failed to cover some events, the
other was likely to pick these up and vice versa.

In the Spring 1976 issue of the Pakistan Development Review,
Chaudhry and Javed [2] had estimated a demand function for fertilizer in
Pakistan. Based on these findings, they make a case for a 20.26 percent
per year increase in fertilizer prices. This short note points out some
errors in the analysis and raises serious questions relating to the
implications drawn by Chaudhry and Javed for the fertilizer price policy
in Pakistan. Section I argues that some conclusions drawn in the study
are internally inconsistent. Section II points out deficiencies in the
derivations of the main conclusions. Section III questtions the
appropriateness of the fertilizer price policy suggested by Chaudhry and
Javed. The final section sums up the main argument of the present
study.

The information released in the Census Bulletin is limited to
total popu¬lation down to district levels and for major cities, by sex.
Details about age distribution and breakup by other characteristics will
be released later. The conclusions drawn in this paper are tentative,
subject to modification after details of the age-sex distribution and
results of post enumeration quality check are known. The 1972 census
differed from the previous ones in a number of ways. First, the census
was carried out only in West Pakistan. Second, because of the
circumstances leading to the separation of East Pakistan, the census
which was due to be held in early 1971 was actually conducted in 1972,
eleven years and eight months after 1961 census, instead of ten years
which has been the normal practice in the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent
since 1881. Third, the 1972 census was based on a schedule of
enumeration consisting of only six questions, the minimum number ever
asked in the census taking history of the region. These questions
covered the following information about each member of the
household:—

The 'Green Revolution' of the late sixties was caused by the
development of high responsive seeds (HRS) and the increased
availability of irrigation water. New dwarf varieties of rice and wheat
developed for tropical and sub¬tropical regions have a higher
grain-nutrient response than traditional varieties. Potential increase
in yields per acre with the introduction of HRS are of the order of 50
to 200 per cent, given sufficient doses of chemical fertilizers and
proper cultural practices [2, p. 58]. Since the introduction of HRS is
confined to wheat and rice, the relative productivity of competing crops
has changed substantially. In addition to government policies of input
subsidies (water and fertilizers), price support (wheat and rice),
protection (sugar-cane), and an overvalued exchange rate have affected
the profitability of crops unevenly. This has provided an incentive to
the farmers to change their land use patterns. This paper analysis the
impact of the 'Green Revolution' and Government policies to assess the
resulting efficiency of land use.

The use of deep public tubewells on a large scale in areas
where the twin menace of waterlogging and salinity emerged as a serious
threat to the fertile irrigated lands in the Punjab was the first major
effort which the Govern¬ment undertook in the shape of SCARPS (Salinity
Control and Reclamation Projects) in order to effectively combat
waterlogging and salinity. SCARP-I, the Pilot Project under this
programme was launched in the central Rachna Doab area of the Punjab—the
area found to be worst affected by the menace. This project involved
installation of more than 2000 tubewells of medium to large size, with
pumping capacity varying from two to five cusecs, at a substan¬tial
capital and maintenance cost. As the expenditure involved was large it
was essential to keep a continuous watch on the performance of tubewells
and project their future behaviour in terms of their discharge. The
question most relevant to the cost-benefit study of such a project is
obviously the estimates of expected length of time for which the
tubewells could go on func¬tioning efficiently with routine
maintenance.

Machine generated contents note: Part One: 1947-1954 -- 1. Struggle for Survival -- 2. Consolidation -- 3. Democratic Process: Strains and Stresses -- 4. The Institutional Imbalance -- Part Two: 1954-1958 -- 5. Consensus by Command -- 6. Beginning of Coalition Governments -- 7. Confronting the Basic Issues -- 8. Termination of the Democratic Process -- Part Three: 1958-1969 -- 9. The First Martial Law Regime -- 10. Controlled Politics, Economic Development, -- and 'Bilateralism' -- 11. Elections, War, and the Tashkent Declaration -- 12. Downfall of the Ayub Regime -- Part Four: 1969-1971 -- 13. The Second Martial Law Regime -- 14. The General Elections, 1970 -- 15. Parties, Negotiations, and the Deadlock -- 16. Crisis, War, and Break-Up -- Bibliography -- Index

For the last few months, COVID-19 has had a significant effect on clinical laboratory. This formalized with existing issues and difficulties for the laboratory evaluation of infections owing to extreme acute coronaviral syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The selection of the relevant respiratory tract specimen from the appropriate anatomical position is key to a timely and correct molecular diagnosis of COVID-19 at the right time in the pre-analytical process. Suitable steps are needed to safeguard laboratory personnel in order to provide accurate test results. The article is aimed at reviewing the literature related to the diagnosis and treatment therapy adapted to compete for novel coronavirus. The study is followed by reviewing 40-45 articles to critically evaluate and extract the possible therapies adapted in the different regions of the world. Serology, radiotherapy, antigen-detection test, point-of-care molecular diagnostics and other radiotherapeutic approaches are found to be efficient and used in several regions of the world.

Socio-economic factors are always the benchmark of domestic life. There is an assumption that a household disharmony is caused by economic issues referred to as the highest number of divorce cases registered at Mahkamah Shari'a (Shari's Court) of Aceh. This research is very important since Aceh is a special region in terms of religion and culture so that the number of divorces would not be this much and it is hoped that the government will issue a regulation that can reduce the number of divorces. The research data are obtained from BPS (the Central Bureau of Statistics) of Aceh Province and the Sharia Court of Aceh which then analyzed using descriptive quantitative methods. The results indicate that recur of friction (in a household) is the major cause of divorce in Aceh followed by the economic factor and domestic violence. The level of individuals' education shows a significant influence on divorce along with the age when they first married, but children variable affected insignificantly. However, not all research in the same field has the same results as this study.