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This article discusses how Susan Abulhawa's Mornings in Jenin, its thematic concerns and aesthetics, are developed in tandem with the discourse of diaspora and exilic consciousness leading to critical praxis. It traces the interactions between exilic consciousness and identity construction in the context of resistance literature. These interactions exhibit the author's ability to be inside and outside discourses of struggle producing a model in which exile challenges bigoted struggles, hence the evolution of critical praxis. In the context of the Arab-Israeli conflict, Abulhawa represents another humanistic voice that resists dominant political narratives by dismantling their hegemonic power structure.

This study chronicles the portrayal of the Middle East in various American media that have received scholarly attention, centering on the print and broadcast media. The time frame of the media review in the United States towards the Middle East is from the September 11th attacks in 2001 until 2019. The article draws on the theory of orientalism to reveal a facet of the media that perpetuates false stereotypes of the Middle East as a threat to US interests, culture, and security. It finds that although the media in America have paid detailed attention to many issues in the Middle East during the last two decades, there are grounds to assume it has failed to comprehend the sociopolitical and economic reasons behind such issues. Coverage of the Middle East in American media during the 21st century has paralleled the government's official viewpoints and interests in the region.

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the effects of domestic structure forces on "sub-national" foreign policy (SFP); an analytical concept provides a suitable operational framework for research on international activities of sub-national entities or regions.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is carried out on the basis of a theoretical framework proposed by the author. First, the dependent variable is defined. Then, domestic structure is broken down into four variables, including legal grounds, the level of autonomy, the type of intergovernmental relations and institutionalization. A comparative method is used to examine the validity of the theoretical framework.FindingsThe paper finds out that domestic structural forces influence level and form of SFP with some regularity. The influence of these forces on SFP can be explained, as they recur and have such consistent effects that they create patterns and regularities in SFP. Such regularities can be detected through systematic analysis.Originality/valueThe topic of SFP is relatively controversial because of academic debate over international agency of substate actors. However, it is a worthwhile subject of research, as it has the potential to revolutionize research in foreign policy analysis. Moreover, the phenomenon of SFP is in need of theorizing and comparison as the literature on SFP is still in its infancy.

This small-scale study aimed to explore the different factors that help or hinder the achievement of competitive advantage through the possession and development of intellectual capital and the delivery of effective knowledge management in a sample of Jordanian universities. Using a quantitative methodology, underpinned by a pragmatist theoretical approach, an electronic survey was conducted with staff working within three established universities based in Jordan. The concepts of intellectual capital, knowledge management and competitive advantage within an academic setting are first explored before focusing more specifically on investigating how different factors influence these and impact on competitive advantage. Overall, the study identified a range of inhibitors and enablers relating to intellectual capital and knowledge management and identified areas where universities need to develop in order to increase future competitive advantage. The study therefore makes a valuable contribution in adding to the body of evidence within this field.

Literary criticism nowadays is essentially crossing the boundaries of disciplinarity and canonicity where literary theory has increasingly been shaped by overlapping concepts and branching out of theories as well as whipping out the limitations imposed by theory itself. The post-conditions of contemporaneity have imposed a view of reading and analysing the literary text that is dynamic, proliferated and in flux as well as resistant to monolithic critique and confined disciplines and professionalization. This outlook has increasingly made the notions of literary criticism, theoretical paradigms and canons not only artificial and irrelevant to our materialistic world, but, in many cases, 'violent' to those whose life concerns exist in the margins of these paradigmatic notions. In this essay, I argue that those of us who aspire to an interdisciplinary and a metacritical analyses would be well served by importing inspirations from Edward Said's work, scholarship and life, particularly drawing on his 'Worldliness', 'Amateurism' and 'Heteroglossia' (or heterotopia) as well as drawing examples from his negotiation with intellectual paradoxes and tensions informed by his positionality as a border crosser intellectual (or his exilic consciousness). Specifically, this article engages with Said as an author of a radically secular body of work marked by as comportment towards being, and as an example of an "amateur" critic who "speak[s] truth to power". It argues that Said instates a critically-interrogative scholarship as antidote to essentialist, politicised, determinist and hegemonic literary canons (whether those of texts or theory) which are paradigmatically informed by relations of power in academia. The paper argues that through the investment of his scholarship and personal life, Said rejects academic institutions and affiliations with their tendency towards doctrinaire assumptions of critical work. Further to this, Said's fascination of diversity, heterogeneity and his advocacy of the intellectual's detachment from the institution of specialised criticism mount up as a radical critique of specialisation and professionalism and denouncing them as being allied with ideological and cultural dogma. Keywords: Edward Said, worldliness, amateurism, heterotopia, inter/post-disciplinary literary theory

Dissertação de mestrado em Engenharia Urbana ; Urban Noise is considered to be one of the major problems that emerged from urban growth, which affects negatively the public health and causes a negative impact on the standard of living in the cities, as a result lot of cities took steps to deal with such a problem, but because of the different sources and states of each country in the world it can't be said that the solutions for each country were the same so it is normal that there are still a lack of action and attention toward urban noise in a lot of urban areas all over the world. Damascus city is the capital of Syria a middle eastern country in the Arab world, located in the west south of Syria with a population of 1.780.000 (CIVIL AFFAIRS RECORDS, CBSSYR, 2011) with a density range between 714 inhabitants/ha in crowded areas to 37 inhabitants/ha in new planned area, because of its role as the capital of Syria; it is considered to be the political and the administrative center, and it suffers from a high population in comparison with the rest of the cities of Syria and a poor urban planning development, as a result Damascus also suffers from high noise levels, mainly generated from the traffic, another reason for the high level of the noise is the lack of public awareness toward the bad effects of it. This research aims to characterize the noise pollution in an urban area in the old city of Damascus, the study can be divided into three steps, first: study the current situation of urban noise in the city of Damascus and determine the main sources of noise, second: compare the measured noise level with the legalization that was set by the ministry of environment, and third: prepare a noise map for the old city using the NMPB96 methodology with CADNA software to characterize the noise level depending on land use maps, population distribution numbers and traffic maps. The noise map of the old city of Damascus can help to determine the noise levels in the old city the main sources and suggest some solution that ...

As the title implies the article describes the influence of the French revolution to the change of the French state in XIX century. It is given the information about the two concepts of evolution distinguished by the researchers. It is described the struggles for the power between the sides that have happened in Europe up to now, in consequence of which have appeared states. France is pointed out to stand as a kind of an ideal type of strong state. It is described in detail all the periods of different forms of government which experienced France. Conclusions are drawn that the French revolution made an enormous impact to the formation of strong legal state.