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International audience ; This chapter examines the historical evolution of maritime shipping network in Indian subcontinent from 1890 to 2000 with particular focus on the emergence of international borders. It is very unique because subcontinent experienced dis-integration of regions where most parts of it were under colonial rule of British but were separated by international borders as the results of partition and independence. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the dynamics of shipping networks within and with Indian Subcontinents from 1895 to 2000 through the events such as partition of India in 1947, independence of Myanmar in 1948, military regime in Myanmar from 1962, and independence of Bangladesh at 1971. This chapter firstly looks at the trends in international and regional shipment. Then country level and port level analysis follows. In late 19th century, this region had been well involved in the global trade by having the share of international shipping as much as 50%. This trend continues at Indian subcontinent level. When we breakdown this trends at country level, we find that this overall trend comes from three types of countries, 1) steady countries: India and Sri Lanka, 2) declining country: Myanmar, and 3) rising countries: Pakistan and Bangladesh. Indian shipment is the dominant factor which determines the regional trend but the offsetting trends in the decline in Myanmar and the rise in Pakistan and Bangladesh are also noticeable. Furthermore, we explore the major ports in each country and observe the entry of new ports and shifts from older ones to new ones. We also compare these shipment trends with the trends in trade flows at country level and explore the relationship and the complementarity of shipment data to trade data.

International audience ; This chapter examines the historical evolution of maritime shipping network in Indian subcontinent from 1890 to 2000 with particular focus on the emergence of international borders. It is very unique because subcontinent experienced dis-integration of regions where most parts of it were under colonial rule of British but were separated by international borders as the results of partition and independence. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the dynamics of shipping networks within and with Indian Subcontinents from 1895 to 2000 through the events such as partition of India in 1947, independence of Myanmar in 1948, military regime in Myanmar from 1962, and independence of Bangladesh at 1971. This chapter firstly looks at the trends in international and regional shipment. Then country level and port level analysis follows. In late 19th century, this region had been well involved in the global trade by having the share of international shipping as much as 50%. This trend continues at Indian subcontinent level. When we breakdown this trends at country level, we find that this overall trend comes from three types of countries, 1) steady countries: India and Sri Lanka, 2) declining country: Myanmar, and 3) rising countries: Pakistan and Bangladesh. Indian shipment is the dominant factor which determines the regional trend but the offsetting trends in the decline in Myanmar and the rise in Pakistan and Bangladesh are also noticeable. Furthermore, we explore the major ports in each country and observe the entry of new ports and shifts from older ones to new ones. We also compare these shipment trends with the trends in trade flows at country level and explore the relationship and the complementarity of shipment data to trade data.

International audience ; This chapter examines the historical evolution of maritime shipping network in Indian subcontinent from 1890 to 2000 with particular focus on the emergence of international borders. It is very unique because subcontinent experienced dis-integration of regions where most parts of it were under colonial rule of British but were separated by international borders as the results of partition and independence. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the dynamics of shipping networks within and with Indian Subcontinents from 1895 to 2000 through the events such as partition of India in 1947, independence of Myanmar in 1948, military regime in Myanmar from 1962, and independence of Bangladesh at 1971. This chapter firstly looks at the trends in international and regional shipment. Then country level and port level analysis follows. In late 19th century, this region had been well involved in the global trade by having the share of international shipping as much as 50%. This trend continues at Indian subcontinent level. When we breakdown this trends at country level, we find that this overall trend comes from three types of countries, 1) steady countries: India and Sri Lanka, 2) declining country: Myanmar, and 3) rising countries: Pakistan and Bangladesh. Indian shipment is the dominant factor which determines the regional trend but the offsetting trends in the decline in Myanmar and the rise in Pakistan and Bangladesh are also noticeable. Furthermore, we explore the major ports in each country and observe the entry of new ports and shifts from older ones to new ones. We also compare these shipment trends with the trends in trade flows at country level and explore the relationship and the complementarity of shipment data to trade data.

After 2008, a new term appeared on monetary policies after the direct monetary policies failed to reach a solution to the economic deficit that occurred in the economies of many countries, especially after the mortgage crisis that plagued the financial markets in most countries of the world, as these countries tried to reduce the interest rate to Zero or close to it in order to move the economy, but it did not respond despite the fact that the interest rate is the main tool and is considered the control stick in direct monetary policies. Thus, it became imperative for those countries to use new tools in order to get out of that crisis. Japan is considered the first to use these new policies and solutions before that period, and he is the first to call them indirect monetary policies. These tools were called by many names, including quantitative easing, credit facilitation and others. Many names, but it was the best solution by monetary policy makers for many countries, including the United States of America, the United Kingdom of Britain and the European Union, which represent the most powerful economies in the world, ; After 2008, a new term appeared on monetary policies after the direct monetary policies failed to reach a solution to the economic deficit that occurred in the economies of many countries, especially after the mortgage crisis that plagued the financial markets in most countries of the world, as these countries tried to reduce the interest rate to Zero or close to it in order to move the economy, but it did not respond despite the fact that the interest rate is the main tool and is considered the control stick in direct monetary policies. Thus, it became imperative for those countries to use new tools in order to get out of that crisis. Japan is considered the first to use these new policies and solutions before that period, and he is the first to call them indirect monetary policies. These tools were called by many names, including quantitative easing, credit facilitation and others. Many names, but it was the best solution by monetary policy makers for many countries, including the United States of America, the United Kingdom of Britain and the European Union, which represent the most powerful economies in the world

For many poor people around the world migration is a way of life, and has been for centuries. But globalization has radically altered the scale of migration: people are now more aware of opportunities elsewhere and it has become easier for them to travel. The seasonal migration of agricultural labourers is not a new phenomenon in Karnataka and India. Britishers had mobilized labour force for commercial crop production, mining and for other administrative purposes during their rule. As a result of the defective policies of agricultural development the regional disparity is increasing even after independence leading to the increase in the seasonal migration of agricultural labourers. In the state of Karnataka there is a wide gap between South and North Karnataka as far as development is concerned and this regional disparity has become a political issue. Many social, economic, political and psychological reasons pull them to migrate for survival and improvement of livelihood. This paper is an effort to identify some of the main causes for the agricultural labour migration from north Karnataka to south Karnataka

Th goal of the pr s nt p p r is to obt in some differ tial sub rdin tion an sup r dination the rems for univalent functions related b differential operator Also, we discussed some sandwich-type results.

Analyses are the power point of GIS because GIS can process and analyze different spatial and attribute data, leading to new results for supporting decision makers. The research aims to study advanced hydrologic analyses for the western part of Karbala province, Iraq. The hydrologic analysis is done based on where that DEM creates from the field survey method. This analysis gives digital maps and tables showing the region's main and minor hydrological properties, such as flow direction, flow accumulation, stream order, stream to feature, basin, and watershed maps. Also, it can be calculated as area, perimeter, lengths of streams, and numbers of stream orders for the main watersheds that are effective in the study area. These analyses are very important for making decisions in studying the hydrologic properties of any region in Iraq, and the GIS technique saves time, cost, and effort.

المقدمة: تأثر نظام الرعاية الصحية في العراق بشكل كبير بأحداث العقود القليلة الماضية. كما أدت آثار الحروب المختلفة والصراعات الداخلية والعقوبات الدولية وعدم الاستقرار السياسي إلى تدمير الأمة ونظام الرعاية الصحية فيها. طرق العمل: هذه دراسة مقطعية أجريت في 23 مركزا صحيا تم اختيارها عشوائيًا (أخذ عينات عشوائي متعدد المراحل) في محافظة بابل. تم جمع البيانات خلال الفترة التي تبدأ من الثالث من يناير 2021 حتى الأول من مارس 2021. النتائج: أظهرت هذه الدراسة أن 87.0٪ من المراكز الصحية لم يكن بها كادر طبي مدرب على برامج التغذية وفقاً لنفس المعايير. في حين أن 95.7٪ من المراكز الصحية لديها كوادر صحية مدربة على برامج التغذية وفق المعايير. أما فيما يتعلق بتقييم أداء مزود خدمات التغذية، فقد أظهرت الدراسة أن معظم المراكز الصحية لديها درجات متوسطة لمعظم المؤشرات. الاستنتاجات: أظهرت الدراسة الحالية أن خدمات التغذية كانت معتدلة في المراكز الصحية، على الرغم من توافر المكملات الغذائية والإرشادات والسجلات في معظم المراكز الصحية. ; Background: The healthcare system in Iraq has been significantly affected by the events of the last few decades. The effects of various wars, internal conflicts, international sanctions, and political instability had also devastated the nation and its healthcare system. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study done at 23 randomly chosen (multistage random sampling) health centers in Babylon Province. Data were gathered during the period beginning from the third of January 2021 until the first of March 2021. Results: This study demonstrates that 87.0% of health centers had no medical staff trained in nutrition programs according to standards. While 95.7% of HCs had health staff trained in nutrition programs according to the same standards. As for the evaluation of nutrition services provider's performance, the study showed that most health centers had moderate scores for most indicators. Conclusion: The current study showed that nutrition services were moderate in the health centers, despite the availability of supplements, guidelines and registers in most health centers.

Having a positive environment and enforcement in a social-political economy is necessary to poster an effective entrepreneurial climate. The passion for self-startups and risk-taking attitude are entrepreneurs' traits with effective motivations, innovation, creativity, persistence, and flexibility. This helps the entrepreneur succeed and excel in their business. The success of a new project adventure is a crucial matter in business and investment. The literature review revision allows detecting the most attractive factors, the main reasons for startup failure, and the challenges facing entrepreneurs and new projects. This review paper enlightens Bahrain's entrepreneurship ecosystem's attractiveness and argues how the economy in the Kingdom of Bahrain encourages startup companies to establish and develop their business. The analysis results illustrate that the Government of Bahrain's support system with effective public institutions and encouraging society are significant factors contributing to the success of the startup project. Nourishment extended by the government institutions and other supportive organizations like Tamkeen, Injaz, and EDB simplifies the formation of startup projects and support their sustainable growth. Analyzing the most common reasons for startup failure, the paper presents the proposed solutions to avoid these traps. It suggests the appropriate bodies in the entrepreneurship ecosystem, supporting and helping entrepreneurs overcome these difficulties.

This paper is concerned with the study of the T-norms and the quantum logic functions on BL-algebra, respectively, along with their association with the classical probability space. The proposed constructions depend on demonstrating each type of the T-norms with respect to the basic probability of binary operation. On the other hand, we showed each quantum logic function with respect to some binary operations in probability space, such as intersection, union, and symmetric difference. Finally, we demonstrated the main results that explain the relationships among the T-norms and quantum logic functions. In order to show those relations and their related properties, different examples were built.

The study identified predominant crime type and pattern of crime occurrence in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The research used crime data, by type and location, from January 2005 to December 2010. The spatial distribution of crime types revealed that 68 cases (49%) of offences against individuals occurred in the core area of the city, 40 (29%) in the transition area and 31 (22%) in the suburban, while 184 (20%), 265 (30%) and 451 cases (50%) of offences against property occurred in the core, transition and suburban respectively. The study concluded that there was notable geographical variation in the pattern of crime locations and that this differs with regard to crime type.