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This study aims at analyzing the correlation between bureaucracy system and bureaucracy behaviors. The typology of bureaucracy behavior incorporates: autocratic behavior, custodial behavior, supportive behavior, and collegial behavior. Autocratic behavior complies with selfinterests, power, authority, loyalty, obedience, and basic need fulfillment. Custodial behavior gives preferentiality to organization economic resource, solidarity, and familial relationship. Supportive behavior directs to meet the organization vision and missions. Collegial behavior tries to harmonizeperformance, familial relationship, and solidarity in achieving organization goals.The research result shows bureaucracy system causes the emergence of a transitional bureaucracy behavior. On one side, it remains practicing traditional (autocratic and custodial) behavior. On the other side, it tries to shift to modern (supportive and collegial) behavior.

Character education is still the main commitment of the government. The fundamental issue of character education is the unfamiliar procedure and criteria of judgment. On the other hand, Islam is identical with the source of the value of the ordinances and the extent of the judgments very clearly. The study of living Quran and living hadith, reviving al quran and al-hadith in practice level began to be tried to be an effective media in character education. Character education at the elementray level is doctrinization, where elementary children will imitate and get used to what will be exemplified, one of them by making the hadith as its parameter. That is, the basic ethics of what should be instilled in elementary school children in accordance with the guidance of hadith. This survey is conducted to see what practices or hadith practices have been done and have not done elementary school children in two different locations characteristics. Malang is identical with the city of education and have economic progress as Blitar is not yet on the same level as Malang. The results of this survey with different locations of these characteristics will be very helpful to provide an accurate picture of the character of elementary school children and their conformity with the guidance of hadith. Furthermore, it can be used in the follow-up efforts as well as evaluation related character education for the next level.

<p>In literature, all human phenomena are reflected by literary works and related to the world through simple artistic mediums. It is no doubt that trauma exists as part of human challenges since the start of human history. However, the concept of trauma has been theorized in the fields of sciences and social sciences since ages i.e. Medicine, Psychology etc. only soon did it gain credence and was theorized in the stream of literature by some competent, scholarly and capable professors of comparative literature at Emory University; Cathy Caruth and Shoshana Felman. As the world evolves from one age to another, so does literature, binding history and culture of a place and people efficiently. Trauma has as well been one way or another, prevalent in all forms of literature. It surfaces as the shady part of all narratives that tell of a history, memoir, agonies and sorrows of the writer or about the subjects (characters) created.</p><p>This paper explores the origins of trauma theory and deciphers its essential role in literature. It argues that trauma in literature is a must-read because, the theoretical multiplicity that allows for an appreciative comprehension of trauma's flexible representations include (and also move beyond) the idea of trauma as neurotic, appalling, horrifying, terrifying and the pleasure of telling and witnessing a traumatic event which is, of course, literature.</p>

Orders about the Friday shalat: sermon, shalat, tribune and khatib stick, until opinion of i`adah zuhur after Friday is the parts of Friday ritual made progressively detailed and confessed by some of moslem scholar as Jumhur opinion, at least Syafi`iyah, so that public society assume it as permanent form come from teaching of Rasulullah saw. This article describes construction of Friday at period of Rasul covering history, kaifiyat, categorize the mukallaf, sermon position, and Friday substansi. Research done indicate that there was no complete theorem about procedures of shalat and Friday sermon. This result it become the religious service which multi interpret; very supple, not tighten, and rich with the different idea, so that opened a possibility to be re-expostulated. Theorem of opinion of faction "minority» about orders of Friday can be told stronger rather than Jumhur. Important finding, Friday substansi is syiar of Islam and Friday founded have to with the governmental permit.

In economic activity appeared the three actors in it; State, the private sector, and communities that each had different bargaining positions, such as access to capital and political access with respect to natural resources such as land that limited. Changes in economic perspective view toward the rapidly developing ground. Currently the ground further highlighted its function as capital assets and commodities, the mastery and utilization of land depended on market mechanisms. This meant that capitalist contributed to intervene the mastery and ownership of land. This affected concentrated on a handful of people who had big capital with more tendency to speculative rather than productive. Results of the research which was found that Rahman had a general idea that the fundamental principle of the whole body of norms or rules in economic activity was turn the attitude of altruism, namely the altruistic rather than personal interests. In particular, first; Rahman rationale was, as a basic theological importance of managing in the form of hard work to meet the livelihood so that they did not fail or lagging from others in the struggle for survival. Rahman explained that the emphasis on man's efforts to obtain a source of livelihood was one of the fundamental economic principles in Islam; if this principle ignored it will meet with failure causing poverty and starvation. Secondly, in terms of basic thoughts of Rahman on the corporate governance of the land of Islam over to an aspect of the economic approach based on the production of the agricultural sector, ranging from the certainty of land ownership which affected toward the result of increased production, land distribution, the production of the agricultural sector which emphasized the holding of insurance with the principles of " mutuality "and" cooperative "as both a preventative and a recovery in production activities, improvement of human resources (HR), and the determination of minimum wages by using a calculation in accordance with the basic necessities. Third, based on the basic thoughts, Rahman had relevance to the corporate governance of land in Indonesia, the relevance contained in the constitution or the Indonesian positive laws that applied today.

<div><p><em>One of the most reprehensive subjugation among the so called cultural practices in Nigeria, is the oppression born out of widowhood, poverty is yet another great cause of trauma amongst many Nigerian women, especially among the no/low income earners, polygamy is as well seen to be a great causative agent of psychological disturbances amid Nigerian women chiefly in the northerners, and of course the recent Boko Haram terrorist acts that subjected many Nigerians to psychological distortion. Women in a patriarchal society like Nigeria, are treated with gender subordination which subjects them to experiencing indelible traumas. Trauma, however is today regarded as one of the leading causes of death. As such, its theorist put to light its various sources as: intimate partner violence, natural disasters, loss of loved one, sexual assault or any physical or mental wound, rape, and witness of violence. Chimamanda Adichie's Purple Hibiscus is an epitome of Nigerian women's difficulties and their traumatic experiences. This paper would explore the conformity of Trauma theory and the fictional presentation of Nigerian women's trauma in Adichie's Purple Hibiscus.</em></p></div>

This paper, which is the Part II of a bipartite series, critically reviews the structural and implementation issues around the new Nigerian Labour, Safety, Health and Welfare (LSHW) Bill (2012). The study uses the vast Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) management experiences gained by UK, USA, Australia and China as bases for reviewing the LSHW Bill. The paper identifi es some of the potential OSH management opportunities, challenges and some practical lessons for countries seeking to adopt a more centralised and result oriented OSH regulatory model. Nigeria is used as a reference case study only; most of the recommendations made may be useful to other developing countries.

Although the vast majority of the economists and the policy makers alike would agree that monetary policy is relatively effective at least in the short run, there is enormous room for dispute on how it is transmitted through various channels to the economy (Bernanke & Gertler, 1995). Thus, using Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model, this study examines the transmission mechanism of monetary policy in Nigeria. Applying monthly time series data covering the period of 2000M1 to 2014M12, the study shows that there is no long run relationship among monetary policy variables and real economic variables and that monetary policy is relatively effective in Nigeria. In addition, the study reveals three stylized facts about the transmission mechanism of monetary policy: (i) the two primary traditional channels of monetary policy (interest rate & asset price channels) are very weak in Nigeria; (ii) the bank lending channel is not operative in the country; and (iii) the credit and exchange rate channel are the most effective channels through which monetary policy is transmitted in the case of Nigeria. In light of the findings, it is recommended that CBN should re-modify its monetary policy to ensure steady and non-inflationary economic growth in Nigeria. ; ÖZ: Ekonomistler ve politika yapıcıların üzerinde hemfikir oldukları konulardan birisi para politikasının kısa dönemde son derece etkin olduğudur. Ancak ekonomiye hangi kanallar yolu ile para politikasının uygulanıp aktarılacağı yönünde muazzam bir tartışma ortamı da mevcuttur (Bernanke & Gertler, 1995). Böylece bu çalışma Vektör Otoregresif (VAR) modelini kullanarak Nijerya örneğinde para politikasının aktarım mekanizmasını ölçmeyi amaçlamaktadır. 2000 yılı birinci aydan 2014 yılı onikinci aya kadar olan süreci kapsayan veri seti kullanılarak yapılan analizde para politikası değişkenleri ile reel ekonomik değişkenler arasında uzun dönem ilişki bulunmadığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu sonuçlar aynı zamanda para politikalarının Nijerya'da başarılı bir şekilde uygulanamadığını ortaya koymaktadır. Buna ek olarak çalışma üç farklı stilde para politikasının aktarım mekanizmasının gerçekliklerini ortaya koymaktadır: (i) para politikasının üç temel aracının ikisi Nijerya'da oldukça zayıftır; (ii) Bankaların borçlandırma mekanizması fonksiyonel değildir, ve (iii) döviz kuru mekanizması Nijerya'da en etkin mekanizma olarak para politikasının aktarımında karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bilgiler ışığında Nijerya Merkez Bankası'nın para politikasını yeniden şekillendirmesi gerektiği düzgün ve enflasyondan arındırılmış ekonomik büyüme için şart olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. ; Master of Science in Economics. Thesis (M.S.)--Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Business and Economics, Dept. of Economics, 2015. Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Mehmet İvrendi.

This study examines the effects of employee perception of performance appraisal and how it influences job satisfaction. The researcher developed a model to test the impact of perceptionof performance appraisal system on the staff of the Nassarawa Local Government, Kano State, Nigeria. Two hundred employees of different ages, age and educational status were sampled. An 18-question survey was divided into two parts: measures of perception of performance appraisal and job satisfaction. Correlation and regression were used to test the hypotheses. The results indicated that, there is a positive relationship between employee's perception of performance appraisal and theirjob satisfaction. Therefore, this study recommends managers increase positive performance appraisal ratings in their organizations. In addition, managers should reduce personal bias and consider changing and improving ratings instruments. Keywords: Perception of Performance Appraisal,Ratings, Job Satisfaction. ; ÖZ: Bu araştırma çalışanların performans değerlendirme algılarının, iş memnuniyetine etkilerini inceler. Nijerya'da Kano eyaleti Nassarawa ilçesi yerel yönetiminde çalışmakta olan personelin performans değerlendirme algılarını incelemek üzere 18 soruluk bir anket kullanılarak, farklı yaş ve eğitim gruplarına ayrılmış çalışanları temsil eden örnek nüfus üzerinden, hem performans değerlendirme algılarını, hem de iş memnuniyeti olmak üzere iki farklı veri toplanmıştır. Hipotezleri test etmek üzere korolasyon ve regresyon analizleri yapılmıştır. Sonuçlar göstermektedir ki, çalışanların performans değerlendirme algılarını ile iş memnuniyeti arasında positif bir ilişki mevcuttur. Bu sebeple, araştırma, yöneticilerin positif performans değerlendirme reytinglerini artırmalarını tavsiye etmekte ve aynı zamanda yöneticilerin kişisel ayırımcılığı azaltmaları ve reyting enstrümanlarını iyileştirmelerini önermektedir. AnahtarKelimeler: Performans Değerlendirme Algıları, Reytingler, İş Memnuniyeti. ; Master of Arts in Marketing Management. Thesis (M.A.)--Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Business and Economics, Dept. of Business Administration, 2015. Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Mehmet İslamoğlu.

Abstract: This study was aimed at assessing the role of women in the discourse of feminism which was not only in the form theoretical talks and debates but also practical ones in various parts of the world, including in Aceh, Indonesia. In practical level, the role of women had played in various institutions such as in traditional/conventional institutions and government ones. The focus of the problem was how the role of women in traditional institutions 'Tuha Peut' and the local government of Aceh were. Through a historical approach, this paper tried to explore the role of women in traditional institutions 'Tuha Peut' and local government in Aceh. Based on the various data collected such as observation, interviews and documentation, it showed that the role of women in institutions of Tuha Peut, as a traditional institution of Aceh and a government administrator of Gampong Aceh, was equal to the role of men, especially in formulating policies in Gampong. Data also showed that women had more prominent role, especially in efforts to achieve policies on the equity of gender. Acehnese women could not only give advice and consideration to Keuchik (head of the alliance of indigenous peoples of Gampong) but also could give supervision to the Reusam Gampong. Women also could become a mediator to resolve the conflicts that arised in Aceh through the consultation of indigenous peoples and offering a solution for the sake of ending the conflict properly without taking the formal and official legal justice.الملخص :أصبح دور المرأة – في فكرة النسوية – حديثا ليس فقط نظريا بل تطبيقيا في كثير من أنحاء العالم ومنها في أتشيه، إندونيسيا. وفي التطبيق، كان دور المرأة في شتّى المؤسسات، مؤسسة عادة أو حكومة. كان تركيز المسألة في هذه الدراسة هي كيف يكون دور المرأة في مؤسسة العادة "Tuha Peut" والحكومة في أتشيه. حاولت هذه الدراسة – بالمدخل التاريخي – دراسة دور المرأة في مؤسسة العادة "Tuha Peut" والحكومة . دلّت البيانات – المحصولة عليها عن طريق الملاحظة، والمقابلة، والوثائق المكتوبة – على أن دور المرأة في مؤسسة العادة "Tuha Peut" أو الحكومة القائمة "Gampong"متوازيا بدور الرجل، خاصة في تصميم القرارات. ودلّت البيانات كذلك على أن دورها أكثر وضوحا وخاصة فيما يتعلق بالقرارات المتعلقة بالجنس. إن المرأة –ليس فقط- قادرة على تقديم الآراء والاعتبارات إلى "Keuchik" (رئيس اتحاد مجتمع العادة Gampong) بل قادرة على القيام بالملاحظة والتفتيش تجاه Reusam Gampong . واستطاعت المرأة كذلك أن تكون همزة وصل لحل المنازاعات والخلافات بين مجتمع العادة أتشيه عن طريق الاستشارة وطرح سبيل الحل لحل هذه الخلافات حتى لا يكون حلّها عن طريق المحكمة.Abstrak: Peran perempuan dalam wacana feminisme tidak saja menjadi perbincangan teoritis tetapi juga praktis di berbagai belahan dunia, termasuk di Aceh Indonesia. Dalam tataran praktis, peran perempuan berada dalam berbagai institusi baik institusi adat maupun pemerintahan. Fokus masalahnya adalah bagaimana peran perempuan dalam institusi adat 'Tuha Peut' dan pemerintahan di Aceh. Melalui pendekatan sejarah, tulisan ini mencoba untuk mengeksplorasi peran perempuan dalam institusi adat 'Tuha Peut' dan pemerintahan di Aceh. Beragam data, melalui observasi, interview dan dokumentasi, menunjukkan bahwa peran perempuan dalam institusi Tuha Peut baik sebagai institusi adat Aceh maupun penyelenggara pemerintahan Gampong memiliki peran yang setara dengan laki-laki khususnya dalam merumuskan kebijakan Gampong. Data juga menunjukkan bahwa peran perempuan lebih menonjol terutama dalam upaya mewujudkan kebijakan yang berkeadilan gender. Perempuan Aceh tidak saja dapat memberi saran dan pertimbanga kepada Keuchik (kepala persekutuan masyarakat adat Gampong) tetapi juga dapat melakukan pengawasan terhadap Reusam Gampong. Perempuan juga dapat menjadi mediator penyelesaian konflik yang muncul dalam masyarakat adat Aceh melalui konsultasi dan tawaran solusi demi terselesaikannya konflik dengan baik tanpa menempuh jalur peradilan formal. Keywords: perempuan, institusi adat, pemerintahan Gampong, Tuha Peut, Reusam Gampong, mediator.