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In this paper we reflect on and consider Adwa from the perspective of historical and continuing international Black movements and struggles for freedom in its aftermath. Adwa and, by extension, Ethiopia more broadly became a symbol and touchtone of African anti-colonial militancy, political independence and autonomy in an anti-black world. Adwa influenced the imaginations and real struggles of black people for freedom in a multitude of complex, often contradictory ways. However, while it punctured white supermacist narratives at the global stage, internally, in an age that marked the rise of the modern state form—with its fixed territorial borders— the memory of Adwa served as a foundational moment in the formation of modern Ethiopian nationalism. It also buttressed the making of a homogenizing and assimilationist tendency of Ethiopian nationalism in the 20th century and fed into its imperial project. Internationally, Haile Selassie, at the helm of the Ethiopian imperial project in the mid-twentieth century, was taken up as a symbol of Black freedom whilst he presided over an exploitative and oppressive empire at home. With some of the questions raised by current movements for decolonisation, we ask what is different about this contemporary moment when we think about Adwa in relation to international Black movements and struggles for freedom?; how do we remember it from today in relation to Ethiopia's nationalisms (pan Ethiopian and particular ones)?; how do we memorialize it in thinking about freedom in a country with a dominant imperial nationalist ethos?

Recognizing the importance of addressing the challenges of unsafe food, the Africa Union Commission (AUC) and the Technical Center for Rural Development Agriculture (CTA) launched a project titled "Building Capacity for Institutionalizing Food Safety Tracking in the African Union Member States" in December 2018. In line with its objective, the project successfully developed the Africa Food Safety Index (AFSI) in consultation with food safety experts from relevant institutions within and outside Africa. AFSI is a composite index that attempts to capture the multi-sectoral nature and impacts of food safety through a simple set of indicators of food safety policy, health, and trade. AFSI was endorsed by technical experts and member state officials to be integrated in the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) biennial reporting (BR) mechanism, which presents performance of countries in meeting targets of the Malabo Declaration for Agricultural Transformation. Led by the AUC and with the active engagement of technical partners such as the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), AFSI undergone a round of technical reviews and political consultation processes that involved Regional Economic Communities (RECs), member states and other partners. The project sensitized policy makers on the challenges of unsafe food, its linkage to the economy and the health sector, as well as the use of evidence for decision making. In addition to project specific events, PACA used its participation in different policy relevant forums to consult policy makers and advocate for tracking food safety indicators through the BR mechanism for. These consultative actions enhanced awareness of policy makers about the importance of food safety and generated ownership for reporting on AFSI. ; European Union ; Internal Review

The study was conducted from October-2013 to June-2014 in and around Debre Markos, Ethiopia to assess the major gastrointestinal helminthes of equines (donkeys and horses), to determine their prevalence and find associations between measurable parameters and parasites burden. A total of 384 faecal samples (215 donkeys and 169 horses) were collected randomly for qualitative and quantitative faecal analysis. The overall prevalence of different parasites was found to be 86.51% in donkeys and 78.10% in horses. In the study area, 3.87% of donkeys and 6.13% of horses harbored only one type of parasite (single infection), whereas 96.13% of donkeys and 93.87% of horses harbored two or more types of parasites (mixed infection). The parasites encountered in both donkeys and horses in the study period were Strongyles (75.27% and 59.85%),T. strongylus axei(41.94% and 40.15),T. dontophorus(43.01% and 34.85)P. equorum(18.82 and 18.94) andFasciola(22.58% and 18.94), respectively. Based on sex only the prevalence rate of strongyle was statistically significant (p<0.05) in both donkeys and horses. The prevalence ofT. strongylus, T. dontophorus, P. equoromand Fasciola was statistically significant (p<0.05) between age groups of donkeys, but only the prevalence ofT. stronglywas statistically significant (p<0.05) between age groups of horses. Parasitism and other health problems were identified affecting the health and welfare of equines. Government or other development agencies should include donkeys and horses in their priority lists of research and develop sustainable prevention and control methods that would prevent the high transmission of gastrointestinal helminths and other parasites of equines.

This paper provides evidence from one of the poorest countries of the world that the institutions of property rights, in particular related to land, are of crucial importance for investment and growth. In Ethiopia, with all land state-owned, the threat of land redistribution never appears far off the agenda. A constitutional reform in 1996 has promised long-term user rights, and land rental and leasing have been made legal, but land rights remain restricted and the perception of continuing tenure insecurity remains quite strong. Using a unique panel data set including data on land right perceptions over time, this study investigates whether land rights affect household investment decisions, focusing on land allocation to coffee trees and other perennial crops. The period of investigation covers a period of change in land right perceptions after a constitutional change, a large scale but unexpected land redistribution episode in one region and a start to land registration in another region, offering exogenous variation to study the impact of tenure insecurity. Exploiting heterogeneity in the impact of the policy turmoil, including linked to the local political economy of land redistribution, the panel data estimates suggest a robust, causal negative impact of transfer rights on long-term investment in Ethiopian agriculture, contributing to the low returns from land and perpetuating low growth and poverty.

This paper provides evidence from one of the poorest countries of the world that the institutions of property rights, in particular related to land, are of crucial importance for investment and growth. In Ethiopia, with all land state-owned, the threat of land redistribution never appears far off the agenda. A constitutional reform in 1996 has promised long-term user rights, and land rental and leasing have been made legal, but land rights remain restricted and the perception of continuing tenure insecurity remains quite strong. Using a unique panel data set including data on land right perceptions over time, this study investigates whether land rights affect household investment decisions, focusing on land allocation to coffee trees and other perennial crops. The period of investigation covers a period of change in land right perceptions after a constitutional change, a large scale but unexpected land redistribution episode in one region and a start to land registration in another region, offering exogenous variation to study the impact of tenure insecurity. Exploiting heterogeneity in the impact of the policy turmoil, including linked to the local political economy of land redistribution, the panel data estimates suggest a robust, causal negative impact of transfer rights on long-term investment in Ethiopian agriculture, contributing to the low returns from land and perpetuating low growth and poverty.

Implementation of Community-based Animal Health Service (CARS) in Eastern Hararghe Zone, of the Oromia Regional State was an important component of the Dairy Goat Development Programme (DGDP). DGDP had been implemented between 1989 and 1997 in selected areas of Ethiopian highlands to improve household welfare through better feeding, health care and breeding of goats. This paper tests the hypothesis that local institutions would continue to provide technical supervision to the community-based animal health workers (CAHWs) after cessation of support from the DGDDetailed comparative data was generated on CAHWs activity between July 1998 and June 1999 from Gursum and Kombolcha districts of Eastern Hararghe. The results showed that despite: the continued demand in the communities for the service of CAHWs, their activities had been declining mainly due to lack of a system of drug; supply, technical supervision and refreshment training; which should have been provided from the government veterinary offices. It was concluded that although the idea of bringing; basic veterinary services closer to the villages was upheld at all levels, delivering; the service had become difficult. This was explained by the vague policy environment on the operation of CAHWs and on how these should be integrated into the network of government veterinary services. The unclear central level policy positions were open for inconsistent local interpretations. The debate on the merit and demerit of CAHWs is misleading as it often ignores the complementary relationship between the CAHWs and government veterinary services. The success of CAHS, therefore, depends partly on clear policy guidelines on the provision of adequate technical veterinary consultation as well as on direct participation of local and national veterinary authorities in their implementation. As CAHS is ideally built upon extensive community participation, the services are likely to be responsive to local needs and problems.

This paper discusses the importance of smallholder dairy marketing cooperatives as a strategy to promote the dairy sub sector based on the lessons learned from the Anand pattern of dairy cooperative movement, which was later replicated throughout India. Apart from the history in India, this paper identifies the factors that contributed to the success of the Anand pattern, and then suggests what can be done in Ethiopia. Involvement of the government at every step of the Development was very useful for the expansion of the dairy cooperatives in India. In some parts of Ethiopia, some form of organised marketing of milk is already present: The Anand pattern of dairy Development can be emulated at least around the major milk shades, for instance around Nazareth, Dire Dawa, Harar, Bahir Dar, Gondar, Awassa, Jima and Assela. As demonstrated in India, dairy marketing cooperatives could provide farmers with continuous milk outlet, and easy access to essential inputs, such as AI, veterinary services and formula feeds. Generally dairy cooperatives help to trigger a series of positive Developments in the sub sector; hence strengthening the existing group milk marketing activities and formation of new cooperatives in different parts of the country is well justified.

AbstractThis article explores Ethiopian girls' narratives of risks and vulnerability during their migratory journeys to, in and from Saudi Arabia. It discusses how risks of deprivation and abuse that drive girls to leave their homes are sustained during the migration process. The research primarily draws on interviews with 35 deported girls from Saudi Arabia to analyse intersecting structural, sociocultural, gendered and personal factors that force them to take these risks. It argues that although Ethiopian girls migrate to escape childhood poverty and vulnerability, these conditions are not averted but reproduced during migration. By foregrounding the experiences of deported girls, the article further discusses how the desire to support familial livelihoods engenders their circular migration and how multiple actors of migration take advantage of their labour and bodies against the backdrop of limited institutional support systems.