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There are many well-adapted commercial simulation tools for specific problem domains. Many vendors concentrate on manufacturing, communications, and computer networks applications. The NPS Platform Foundation is a tool for modeling military platform engagements, and will support construction of a wide variety of models where platforms, sensors, humans, tactics, and information flow are important. Analysts (e.g. NPS thesis students) can use the Foundation's generic platform to configure or tailor objects to meet specific project needs by adding data to the performance database, by adding a layer of tactical methods, or by refining platform motion and sensor performance methods. Object- oriented simulation modeling ; Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. ; http://archive.org/details/npsplatformfound00bail ; Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. ; Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Editors' introduction : religion as living culture / Michael Bailey and Guy Redden -- Pt. I. New media religion. Transformations in British religious broadcasting / Stephen Hunt -- Alternative Islamic voices on the internet / Aini Linjakumpu -- Mediatizing faith : digital storytelling on the unspoken / Knut Lundby -- Haredim and the internet : a hate-love affair / Yoel Cohen -- Pt. II. Consumption and lifestyle. Fixing the self : alternative therapies and spiritual logics / Ruth Barcan and Jay Johnston -- Religious media events and branding religion / Veronika Krönert and Andreas Hepp -- The after-life of born-again beauty queens / Karen W. Tice -- How congregations are becoming customers / Rob Warner -- US evangelicals and the redefinition of worship music / Anna E. Nekola -- Pt. III. Youth. The making of Muslim youth cultures in Europe / Thijl Sunier -- Religious experience of a young megachurch congregation in Singapore / Joy Kooi-Chin Tong -- Pt. IV. Politics and community. Recent literacy representations of British Muslims / Claire Chambers -- Destiny, the exclusive brethren and mediated politics in New Zealand / Ann Hardy -- Social security with a Christian twist in John Howard's Australia / Holly Randell-Moon -- Mediated spaces of religious community in Manila, Philippines / Katharine L. Wiegele

How do Supreme Court justices decide their cases? Do they follow their policy preferences? Or are they constrained by the law and by other political actors? The Constrained Court combines new theoretical insights and extensive data analysis to show that law and politics together shape the behavior of justices on the Supreme Court. Michael Bailey and Forrest Maltzman show how two types of constraints have influenced the decision making of the modern Court. First, Bailey and Maltzman document that important legal doctrines, such as respect for precedents, have influenced every justice since 1950.

To the extent voters respond at all to presidential policy positions, they may do so by changing their views on the policy or by changing their views of the president. Presidents need to account for both changes as they care both about citizen approval and citizen policy views. We explore this dynamic in response to the Iraq War using multiple statistical methods. We find consistent evidence that citizen views of President Bush influenced their support for the war even as citizen views of the war affected their approval of Bush. Net changes in aggregate public opinion were smaller than gross changes because of simultaneous movement in both directions on both the war and the president. Recognizing this two-way movement of opinion helps us to better understand the challenges facing presidents in leading public opinion.

Should presidents try to lead public opinion? Many scholars argue presidents are the most important leaders of public opinion. However, presidents may lose votes if they push issues which are unpopular among voters. Michael Bailey and Clyde Wilcox find that support for President Bush moved in response to voter views of the Iraq War Bush promoted. The implication is that Presidents need to be strategic about their public stances and , instead of going public, may sometimes choose to go silent, even when they could potentially persuade some people.

Many observers of the US Supreme Court suspect that justices time their departures from the Court based on ideological and political factors. This paper assesses the theoretical effects of such behavior. Does political timing of retirement devalue the appointment process and thereby make the Court less responsive to the public? Do politically motivated retirements lead to more justices serving beyond their productive years? Based on a formal model of retirements, we find that politically motivated retirements have little effect on political influence on the Court because, on average, for every liberal justice who declines to retire because there is a Republican president, there is a conservative justice who retires early because there is a Republican president. The model also implies modest, but non-linear effects of politically motivated retirement on the age composition of the Court as small amounts of such behavior leads to an older Court, but large amounts of politically motivated behavior lead to a younger Court. Imposing term limits on justices would increase responsiveness to electoral outcomes, lower the age of justices and dramatically increase Court turnover.

Many observers of the US Supreme Court suspect that justices time their departures from the Court based on ideological and political factors. This paper assesses the theoretical effects of such behavior. Does political timing of retirement devalue the appointment process and thereby make the Court less responsive to the public? Do politically motivated retirements lead to more justices serving beyond their productive years? Based on a formal model of retirements, we find that politically motivated retirements have little effect on political influence on the Court because, on average, for every liberal justice who declines to retire because there is a Republican president, there is a conservative justice who retires early because there is a Republican president. The model also implies modest, but non-linear effects of politically motivated retirement on the age composition of the Court as small amounts of such behavior leads to an older Court, but large amounts of politically motivated behavior lead to a younger Court. Imposing term limits on justices would increase responsiveness to electoral outcomes, lower the age of justices and dramatically increase Court turnover. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Ltd., copyright holder.]

Judicial scholars often struggle to disentangle the effects of law and policy preferences on U.S. Supreme Court decision making. We employ a new approach to measuring the effect—if any—of the law on justices' decisions. We use positions taken on Supreme Court cases by members of Congress and presidents to identify policy components of voting. Doing so enables us to isolate the effects of three legal doctrines: adherence to precedent, judicial restraint, and a strict interpretation of the First Amendment's protection of speech clause. We find considerable evidence that legal factors play an important role in Supreme Court decision making. We also find that the effect of legal factors varies across justices.

▪ Abstract  Dahl's collected essays give more weight to his achievements as a philosopher of democracy than to his empirical investigations. Nevertheless, they clearly reflect his habit of working close to empirical facts, in particular the problems created for democratic practices by the size of modern political societies, their pluralism, and their intricate involvement with capitalism. His trenchant account, under the head of "polyarchy," of basic democracy, of the further criteria for full democracy, and of the conditions for achieving democracy at both these levels has established the current standard for discussing democratic theory. Moreover, he clears the way for continuing hope for democracy by demolishing (by arguments supported by observations) the ruling-elite model and advances the prospects of democracy by championing a variety of jurisdictional arrangements for citizens' participation.