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Objective We investigated passenger's trust and preferences using subjective, qualitative, and psychophysiological measures while being driven either by human or automation in a field study and a driving simulator experiment. Background The passenger's perspective has largely been neglected in autonomous driving research, although the change of roles from an active driver to a passive passenger is incontrovertible. Investigations of passenger's appraisals on self-driving vehicles often seem convoluted with active manual driving experiences instead of comparisons with being driven by humans. Method We conducted an exploratory field study using an autonomous research vehicle ( N = 11) and a follow-up experimental driving simulation ( N = 24). Participants were driven on the same course by a human and an autonomous agent sitting on a passenger seat. Skin conductance, trust, and qualitative characteristics of the perceived driving situation were assessed. In addition, the effect of driving style (defensive vs. sporty) was evaluated in the simulator. Results Both investigations revealed a close relation between subjective trust ratings and skin conductance, with increased trust and by trend reduced arousal for human compared with automation in control. Even though driving behavior was equivalent in the simulator when being driven by human and automation, passengers most preferred and trusted the human-defensive driver. Conclusion Individual preferences for driving style and human or autonomous vehicle control influence trust and subjective driving characterizations. Application The findings are applicable in human-automation research, reminding to not neglect subjective attributions and psychophysiological reactions as a result of ascribed control duties in relation to specific execution characteristics.

The UDRIVE project intends to carry out a Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS) which is not meant to evaluate certain technical functions or in-vehicle prototype systems but it focuses on naturalistic driving in public traffic. It is intended to collect and process video data by means of cameras installed in the study vehicles. So the UDRIVE project will include the collection and processing of data referring to the driver, possibly referring to passengers in the vehicle and possibly referring to other road users outside the study vehicle. The issues legally relevant for study execution (data privacy, criminal law, liabilities, ethical approval – if applicable) are not only subject to EU legislation but still are subject to national legislation and, accordingly, will differ to some degree between the EU Member States. Work Package (WP) 1.3 called "Recommendations on Legal Issues" and has elaborated recommendations specifically focussed on those legal areas that should be addressed by an agreement with the study participants, thereby leaving it open how this should be done in detail. Therefore, WP 1.3 has included the identification of subject matters to be regulated in the respective agreements as well as recommendations concerning the contents of those agreements. The latter had to take into account the aspect that the details of the respective national legislations of the Operation Sites (OS) may vary and differ considerably. Consequently, the recommendations cannot cover the different national legal specifics in detail. Hence, before data collection starts, it is recommended to consider and adapt the issues identified at the level of OS, taking into account the specific features of the respective national legislation. It is thereby recommended to involve legal experts at national level. The document at hand prepares the legal issues of relevance for participant agreements by combining knowledge on the technical and legal context. This will allow for speedy adaptation to national specifics. It is pointed out that not all legal issues that might occur in the UDRIVE project can be addressed by means of participants´ agreements. Other legal issues need be taken care of independently during project execution.

The UDRIVE project intends to carry out a Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS) which is not meant to evaluate certain technical functions or in-vehicle prototype systems but it focuses on naturalistic driving in public traffic. It is intended to collect and process video data by means of cameras installed in the study vehicles. So the UDRIVE project will include the collection and processing of data referring to the driver, possibly referring to passengers in the vehicle and possibly referring to other road users outside the study vehicle. The issues legally relevant for study execution (data privacy, criminal law, liabilities, ethical approval – if applicable) are not only subject to EU legislation but still are subject to national legislation and, accordingly, will differ to some degree between the EU Member States. Work Package (WP) 1.3 called "Recommendations on Legal Issues" and has elaborated recommendations specifically focussed on those legal areas that should be addressed by an agreement with the study participants, thereby leaving it open how this should be done in detail. Therefore, WP 1.3 has included the identification of subject matters to be regulated in the respective agreements as well as recommendations concerning the contents of those agreements. The latter had to take into account the aspect that the details of the respective national legislations of the Operation Sites (OS) may vary and differ considerably. Consequently, the recommendations cannot cover the different national legal specifics in detail. Hence, before data collection starts, it is recommended to consider and adapt the issues identified at the level of OS, taking into account the specific features of the respective national legislation. It is thereby recommended to involve legal experts at national level. The document at hand prepares the legal issues of relevance for participant agreements by combining knowledge on the technical and legal context. This will allow for speedy adaptation to national specifics. It is pointed out that not all legal issues that might occur in the UDRIVE project can be addressed by means of participants´ agreements. Other legal issues need be taken care of independently during project execution.

This paper reviews different approaches to modelling the energy transition towards a zero carbon economy. It identifies a number of limitations in current approaches such as a lack of consideration of out-of-equilibrium situations (like an energy transition) and non-linear feedbacks. To tackle those issues, the new open source integrated assessment model pymedeas is introduced, which allows the exploration of the design and planning of appropriate strategies and policies for decarbonizing the energy sector at World and EU level. The main novelty of the new open-source model is that it addresses the energy transition by considering biophysical limits, availability of raw materials, and climate change impacts. This paper showcases the model capabilities through several simulation experiments to explore alternative pathways for the renewable transition. In the selected scenarios of this work scenarios of this work, future shortage of 1 fossil fuels is found to be the most influential factor of the simulations system evolution. Changes in efficiency and climate change damages are also important determinants influencing model outcomes.

This paper reviews different approaches to modelling the energy transition towards a zero carbon economy. It identifies a number of limitations in current approaches such as a lack of consideration of out-of-equilibrium situations (like an energy transition) and non-linear feedbacks. To tackle those issues, the new open source integrated assessment model pymedeas is introduced, which allows the exploration of the design and planning of appropriate strategies and policies for decarbonizing the energy sector at World and EU level. The main novelty of the new open-source model is that it addresses the energy transition by considering biophysical limits, availability of raw materials, and climate change impacts. This paper showcases the model capabilities through several simulation experiments to explore alternative pathways for the renewable transition. In the selected scenarios of this work, future shortage of fossil fuels is found to be the most influential factor of the simulations system evolution. Changes in efficiency and climate change damages are also important determinants influencing model outcomes.

This paper reviews different approaches to modelling the energy transition towards a zero carbon economy. It identifies a number of limitations in current approaches such as a lack of consideration of out-of-equilibrium situations (like an energy transition) and non-linear feedbacks. To tackle those issues, the new open source integrated assessment model pymedeas is introduced, which allows the exploration of the design and planning of appropriate strategies and policies for decarbonizing the energy sector at World and EU level. The main novelty of the new open-source model is that it addresses the energy transition by considering biophysical limits, availability of raw materials, and climate change impacts. This paper showcases the model capabilities through several simulation experiments to explore alternative pathways for the renewable transition. In the selected scenarios of this work, future shortage of fossil fuels is found to be the most influential factor of the simulations system evolution. Changes in efficiency and climate change damages are also important determinants influencing model outcomes.