The stabilisation and longevity of Franco's regime can be explained by the interpenetration of society and the institutions of the 'New State' in three overlapping areas: firstly, in the sphere of the shared culture of the community of civil war victors; secondly, through repression, based on the decisive collaboration of those supporting Francoism, which cut short any possible opposition; thirdly, in the socio-economic sphere, where those making up the groups supporting the 'New State' would see their personal interests fulfilled. At the same time, the defeated would be ensnared in a maze of misery and silence, abandoning any political concerns and concentrating instead on survival. Accordingly, the regime proved able to win support from a broad range of social groups while also eliminating any signs of opposition. ; The Spanish Ministerio de Innovación y Ciencia funded the research drawn on for this article (reference HAR2009‐07487).
AbstractThe stabilisation and longevity of Franco's regime can be explained by the interpenetration of society and the institutions of the 'New State' in three overlapping areas: firstly, in the sphere of the shared culture of the community of civil war victors; secondly, through repression, based on the decisive collaboration of those supporting Francoism, which cut short any possible opposition; thirdly, in the socio-economic sphere, where those making up the groups supporting the 'New State' would see their personal interests fulfilled. At the same time, the defeated would be ensnared in a maze of misery and silence, abandoning any political concerns and concentrating instead on survival. Accordingly, the regime proved able to win support from a broad range of social groups while also eliminating any signs of opposition.
Background: Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) produce attaching/effacing (A/E) lesions on eukaryotic cells mediated by the outer membrane adhesin intimin. EPEC are sub-grouped into typical (tEPEC) and atypical (aEPEC). We have recently demonstrated that aEPEC strain 1551-2 (serotype O non-typable, non-motile) invades HeLa cells by a process dependent on the expression of intimin sub-type omicron. in this study, we evaluated whether aEPEC strains expressing other intimin sub-types are also invasive using the quantitative gentamicin protection assay. We also evaluated whether aEPEC invade differentiated intestinal T84 cells.Results: Five of six strains invaded HeLa and T84 cells in a range of 13.3%-20.9% and 5.8%-17.8%, respectively, of the total cell-associated bacteria. the strains studied were significantly more invasive than prototype tEPEC strain E2348/69 (1.4% and 0.5% in HeLa and T84 cells, respectively). Invasiveness was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. We also showed that invasion of HeLa cells by aEPEC 1551-2 depended on actin filaments, but not on microtubules. in addition, disruption of tight junctions enhanced its invasion efficiency in T84 cells, suggesting preferential invasion via a non-differentiated surface.Conclusion: Some aEPEC strains may invade intestinal cells in vitro with varying efficiencies and independently of the intimin sub-type. ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) ; DAAD PPP-Brasilien ; the European Network ERA-NET PathoGenoMics ; Spanish Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs (Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria, Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases) ; REIPI ; Spanish Ministry of Education and Science ; Autonomous Government of Galicia (Xunta de Galicia) ; The Spanish Ministry of Education and Science ; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, BR-04023062 São Paulo, Brazil ; Univ Munster, Inst Infektiol, Zentrum Mol Biol Entzundung, Munster, Germany ; Univ Santiago de Compostela, Fac Vet, Dept Microbiol & Parasitol, E Coli Reference Lab LREC, Lugo, Spain ; Inst Butantan, Lab Biol Celular, São Paulo, Brazil ; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, BR-04023062 São Paulo, Brazil ; FAPESP: 08/53812-4 ; CNPq: 141708/04 ; CAPES: 281/07 ; DAAD PPP-Brasilien: D/06/33942 ; the European Network ERA-NET PathoGenoMics: 0313937C ; REIPI: RD06/0008-1018 ; Spanish Ministry of Education and Science: AGL-200802129 ; Autonomous Government of Galicia (Xunta de Galicia): PGIDIT065TAL26101P ; Autonomous Government of Galicia (Xunta de Galicia): 07MRU036261PR ; Web of Science
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and enteropathogenic E coli (EPEC) translocate, dozens of type III secretion system effectors, including the WxxxE effectors Map, EspM and EspT that activate Rho GTPases. While map, which is carried on the LEE pathogenicity island, is absolutely conserved among EPEC and EHEC strains, the prevalence of espM and espT is not known. Here we report the results of a large screen aimed at determining the prevalence of esPM and espT among clinical EPEC and EHEC isolates. the results suggest that espM, detected in 51% of the tested strains, is more commonly found in EPEC and EHEC serogroups that are linked to severe human infections. in contrast, espT was absent from all the EHEC isolates and was found in only 1.8% of the tested EPEC strains. Further characterization of the virulence gene repertoire of the espT-positive strains led to the identification of a new zeta 2 intimin variant. All the espT-positive strains but two contained the tccP gene. espT was first found in Citrobacter rodentium and later in silico in EPEC E110019, which is of particular interest as this strain was responsible for a particularly severe diarrhoeal outbreak in Finland in 1987 that affected 650 individuals in a school complex and an additional 137 associated household members. Comparing the protein sequences of EspT to that of E110019 showed a high level of conservation, with only three strains encoding EspT that differed in 6 amino acids. At present, it is not clear why espT is so rare, and what impact EspM and EspT have on EPEC and EHEC infection. ; Spanish Ministry of Education and Science ; Spanish Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs [Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria, Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI) ; Autonomous Government of Galicia ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) ; Programa de Apoio a Nucleos de Excelencia ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; MRC ; Wellcome Trust ; Univ Santiago de Compostela, Fac Vet, Dept Microbiol & Parasitol, Lab Referencia E Coli, Lugo, Spain ; Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Div Cell & Mol Biol, Ctr Mol Microbiol & Infect, London SW7 2AZ, England ; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Microbiol Imunol & Parasitol, São Paulo, Brazil ; Complexo Hos Xeral Calde, Unidade Microbiol Clin, Lugo, Spain ; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Microbiol Imunol & Parasitol, São Paulo, Brazil ; Spanish Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs [Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria, Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI): RD06/0008-10181 ; Spanish Ministry of Education and Science: AGL-200802129 ; Autonomous Government of Galicia: PGIDIT065TAL26101P ; Autonomous Government of Galicia: 07MRU036261PR ; FAPESP: 08/53812-4 ; Web of Science
