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That theWehrmachtparticipated fully in a racial war of extermination on behalf of the National Socialist regime is indisputable. Officers and enlisted men alike accepted the logic that the elimination of the Soviet Union was necessary for Germany's survival. The Wehrmacht's atrocities on the Eastern Front are a testament to the success of National Socialist propaganda and ideological training, but the construct of "Judeo-bolshevism" originated during World War I and its immediate aftermath. Between 1918 and 1923, central Europe witnessed a surge in right-wing paramilitary violence and anti-Semitic activity resulting from fears of bolshevism and a widely held belief that Jews were largely responsible for spreading revolution. Jews suffered the consequences of revolution and resurgent nationalism in the borderlands between Germany and Russia after World War I, but it was inside Germany that the construct of Judeo-bolshevism evolved into a powerful rhetorical tool for the growingvölkischmovement and eventually a justification for genocide.

AbstractAs US broadband access becomes increasingly common and more individuals routinely go online, the implications for the local retail sector are unclear. Lower online prices and the lack of an effective sales tax suggests that growing e‐commerce purchases would negatively impact local retail sales, which would in turn decrease revenue for public services. This can be particularly problematic in rural areas, with fewer retail stores and an increased dependency on sales tax. However, e‐commerce comprises only a surprisingly small portion of the total retail market (3.6% in 2008), and surveys have suggested that a significant portion of consumers use the Internet to research a product before ultimately buying offline. This paper uses county‐level data from Oklahoma in 2008 to examine the effects of broadband adoption rates on local sales tax collections. The results show that, while a naïve cross‐section model suggests that higher levels of broadband access increase the amount of local sales tax collected, a more appropriate difference‐in‐differences approach finds no statistical impact on collections. This implies that although many community developers in rural areas worry about the implications of e‐commerce, current levels of Internet activity neither detract from nor contribute to the amount of tax collected from local retail sales. Resumen. A medida que el acceso a servicios de banda ancha en los EE.UU. es cada vez más común y cada vez más individuos se conectan a Internet de modo cotidiano, no está claro lo que esto implica para el sector del comercio local. Los precios en línea cada vez más bajos y la falta de un impuesto de ventas efectivo sugieren que el aumento de las compras por comercio electrónico tendría un impacto negativo en las ventas del comercio local al por menor, que a su vez generaría menos ingresos para los servicios públicos. Esto puede ser particularmente problemático en áreas rurales, al tener menos comercios al por menor y una mayor dependencia de los impuestos de ventas. Sin embargo, el comercio electrónico solo constituye una porción sorprendentemente pequeña del total del sector al por menor (3,6% en 2008), y varios muestreos sugieren que una parte significativa de consumidores usa Internet para informarse sobre el producto antes de hacer finalmente su compra en un establecimiento comercial. Este artículo utiliza datos a escala de condado del estado de Oklahoma en 2008 para examinar los efectos de la tasa de adopción de banda ancha sobre la recaudación de impuestos de ventas locales. Los resultados muestran que, aunque un modelo transversal simplista sugiere que cuanto mayor es el acceso a servicios de banda ancha mayor es la recaudación por impuestos de ventas locales, bajo un enfoque más adecuado de diferencias en diferencias no se encontró un impacto negativo en la recaudación. Esto implica que aunque muchos de quienes se dedican al desarrollo de comunidades de áreas rurales están preocupados por las implicaciones del comercio electrónico, los niveles actuales de actividad en Internet no suman, pero tampoco restan, a la cifra de impuestos recaudados localmente por ventas al por menor.

The financing of political campaigns has been extensively studied on both the national and state levels. With the advent of campaign contribution and expenditure databases, scholars have a wealth of data to use in examining the importance of money for electoral success, the influence of campaign contributions on legislative roll call voting, and the effects of campaign finance reforms. Much less research has been conducted on the local level, largely because of a lack of available data. Research on local campaign finance is necessary, however, because local governments are not just smaller versions of their state and federal counterparts, but rather have unique political and cultural institutions that create idiosyncratic electoral dynamics. Furthermore, variation across local jurisdictions generates opportunities to study campaign finance in different contexts, allowing for a deeper understanding of how contextual variables influence the role of money. In this article, I outline an agenda for local campaign finance research that addresses central questions in the campaign finance and urban politics literatures.

The 1997 release of Paul Verhoeven's Starship Troopers generated controversy for its obvious Nazi imagery and ironic endorsement of a fascist future. Based on Robert Heinlein's equally controversial novel in which a militarized Earth is engaged in a war of annihilation against a race of insects, Verhoeven's film portrays a society that embraces the logic of extermination and uses Nazi language and signifiers to express eliminationist rhetoric at every turn. Schools, the media, and the future military consisently invoke Nazi terminology and allusions to frame the conflict against the "Arachnids." From the blatant mimicry of Triumph of the Will to the twisted use of Frank Capra's Why We Fight series, Verhoeven cleverly mixes Nazi imagery with the patriotic fervor promoted in American propaganda films from the Second World War. Verhoeven attempts to seduce the audience into accepting and even cheering for genocide on a galactic scale. The irony of this approach was lost on most of the audience and reviewers.

Rural communities suffer from supply- and demand-side disadvantages when dealing with Internet access. Telecommunications companies are less likely to provide such communities with needed infrastructure because of their lower population densities; these communities also tend to have lower levels of factors known to influence the access decision, such as education and income.This study looks at the broadband Internet setting in Oklahoma over a 3-year period, examining the diffusion of infrastructure and access rates. A nonlinear decomposition technique allows for measurement of how characteristics such as the availability of infrastructure contribute to observed metropolitan—micropolitan or metropolitan—noncore digital divides.The results suggest that although differences in infrastructure are consistently only minor contributors to the divide, their importance has increased as knowledge about the Internet has diffused.