This article focuses on three different approaches and methods of literary analysis: cultural studies, postcolonial studies, and feminist criticism. Each approach is analyzed with regard to different linguistic and literary contexts. However, the choice to keep the three approaches separate is functional for the purposes of this essay and for the sake of greater clarity, since in fact they constantly intersect and intertwine due to their interdisciplinary nature and political dimension. The first part of the first section shows how the persistence of Croce's approach to literature prevents Cultural Studies from being fully applied to the field of Italian studies. Their extraordinary potentialities are then presented, especially in the teaching of Italian literature. The second section traces the origins and the evolution of postcolonial studies as a particularly fruitful and complex research field, which is capable to inform some of the central literary, cultural, and ideological debates of our time. It also illustrates their main lines of research as well as the resistance to these studies from cultural contexts such as the French and Italian ones. Finally, the third and last section of the essay focuses on feminist criticism, particularly in the English-speaking context, from its beginnings in the late 1960s to the present. It focuses on its key concepts, such as the notions of "situated knowledges," "re-vision," the recovery of feminine traditions and "gynocriticism," up to the concept of "intersectionality," which analyzes discrimination in its complexity, recognizing how various systems of domination and dominant ideologies (racism, xenophobia, sexism, misogyny, transphobia, homophobia, ableism, ageism, etc.) intersect, producing effects on people and societies.
Despite the great importance of sustainable development for a country, it is possible to say, having reviewed the literature widely, that this research is the first to use a Multi-Criteria Decision Method (MCDM) to analyze the sustainability of EU countries, considering different dimensions and weighting the criteria with the help of a group of experts. This paper therefore sets out a Multi-Criteria Model for analyzing the development of sustainability in EU countries (and Norway and Iceland). This required prior filtering and analysis of the data from the Eurostat database. The model was built with the multi-criteria Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique. Four experts in sustainability participated in the weighting process. The results of the AHP model are identified by areas of sustainability, with the highest value found in Norway, and the rest are found around it forming rings of sustainability, where sustainability decreases the further a country is from Norway. This research could be used to identify the strengths and weaknesses of each country with regard to sustainable development, and by analyzing the measures taken by Norway and other countries with very high sustainability, by continuous improvement processes, reach similar levels of sustainable development.
This paper analyzes the performance of multiple steps estimators of vector autoregressive multivariate conditional correlation GARCH models by means of Monte Carlo experiments. We show that if innovations are Gaussian, estimating the parameters in multiple steps is a reasonable alternative to the maximization of the full likelihood function. Our results also suggest that for the sample sizes usually encountered in financial econometrics, the differences between the volatility and correlation estimates obtained with the more efficient estimator and the multiple steps estimators are negligible. However, when innovations are distributed as a Student-t, using multiple steps estimators might not be a good idea. ; Financial support from IVIE (Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas) to the project "Estimating Multivariate GARCH Models in Multiple Steps with an Application to Stock Markets" is gratefully acknowledged. We also acknowledge the Spanish Government for grant ECO2011-29751.
This article studies the relationship between the prices of fuel and EU Allowances (EUA) for carbon emissions during Phase 3 of the European Union Emissions Trading System. We find that the forward prices of EUA, coal, gas and Brent oil are jointly determined in equilibrium. The existence of such a long-run relationship entails a permanent-transitory decomposition for the series of EUA and fuel prices that reveals the short- and long-term causal influence of the EUA market in shaping the joint dynamics of fuel prices. This result complements the literature that suggests that EUA prices are driven by the dynamics of fuel prices. Interestingly, we do not find an equilibrium relationship in the spot market. EUA and fuel spot prices are driven by independent unit root processes. The differences between spot and forward markets are attributed to the tradability of forward prices that are used for speculation and hedging in financial markets. In contrast, spot prices are mainly driven by supply and demand in energy markets.
This article studies the relationship between the prices of fuel and EU Allowances (EUA) for carbon emissions during Phase 3 of the European Union Emissions Trading System. We find that the forward prices of EUA, coal, gas and Brent oil are jointly determined in equilibrium. The existence of such a long-run relationship entails a permanent-transitory decomposition for the series of EUA and fuel prices that reveals the short- and long-term causal influence of the EUA market in shaping the joint dynamics of fuel prices. This result complements the literature that suggests that EUA prices are driven by the dynamics of fuel prices. Interestingly, we do not find an equilibrium relationship in the spot market. EUA and fuel spot prices are driven by independent unit root processes. The differences between spot and forward markets are attributed to the tradability of forward prices that are used for speculation and hedging in financial markets. In contrast, spot prices are mainly driven by supply and demand in energy markets. ; This research was funded by Spanish Government under Grant Number ECO2017-87069-P, and the APC was funded by Newbers Energy Analytics.
This article studies the relationship between the prices of fuel and EU Allowances (EUA) for carbon emissions during Phase 3 of the European Union Emissions Trading System. We find that the forward prices of EUA, coal, gas and Brent oil are jointly determined in equilibrium. The existence of such a long-run relationship entails a permanent-transitory decomposition for the series of EUA and fuel prices that reveals the short- and long-term causal influence of the EUA market in shaping the joint dynamics of fuel prices. This result complements the literature that suggests that EUA prices are driven by the dynamics of fuel prices. Interestingly, we do not find an equilibrium relationship in the spot market. EUA and fuel spot prices are driven by independent unit root processes. The differences between spot and forward markets are attributed to the tradability of forward prices that are used for speculation and hedging in financial markets. In contrast, spot prices are mainly driven by supply and demand in energy markets.
JEL Classification: J15, J61.-- Trabajo presentado a la "Norface Conference on Migration: Economic Change, Social Challenge" celebrada en Londres en 2011. ; We conduct a field experiment to show that discrimination in the rental market prevents the geographical assimilation process by immigrants. We employ the Internet platform to identify vacant rental apartment in different areas of the two largest Spanish cities, Madrid and Barcelona. We send emails showing interest in the apartments and signal the applicants' ethnicity by using native and foreign-sounding names. We find that, in line with previous studies, immigrants face a differential treatment when trying to rent an apartment. We also find that this negative treatment varies considerably according to the concentration of immigrants in the area. In neighborhoods with a low presence of immigrants the response rate is 30 percentage points lower for immigrants than for natives, while this differential disappears when the immigration share reaches 50%. We conclude that discriminatory practices can perpetuate the ethnic spatial segregation observed in large cities. ; Financial support from Fundación Ramón Areces to the project "Discriminación por raza y género en el mercado español" is gratefully acknowledged. We also acknowledge the IVIE (Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas) and the Spanish Ministry of Science for grants ECO2008-05721/ECON and SEJ2007-62656. Farré acknowledges the support of MOVE, the Barcelona GSE and the Government of Catalonia. ; Peer Reviewed
