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The article examines how the mechanism of local Leisure Cards (LCs) operated by local authorities in England and Wales interestingly combine both commercial and social marketing functions. However, they could be much more potent in promoting sport in a sedentary and obesogenic society. Methods include national survey, case studies, and policy analysis. The article describes the quasicommercial marketing of the residents' tier of LCs, using loyalty devices, and the social marketing tier to attract deprived groups. It shows how tokenistic most card operations are, with few dedicated resources, and how the most effective cards carefully segment and target their markets; they offer a choice of sport, arts, and commercial activities, thereby attracting female and older users. The article argues that improved resources and clearer strategies could help usage of facilities and make a better contribution to very challenging government targets for increasing participation. It ponders the conundrum as to why social marketing has not been seen as useful in a field well used to commercial marketing. The article suggests that, unusually, LCs can combine commercial benefits to public leisure providers, and wider social benefits to frequently excluded groups. Although many cities offer tourists packages of discounts, and some social promotion program, there seems little or no research on their impact or efficacy in what is the most free-choice area of social life.

Abstract
This paper analyses gender and pay in Revenue, one of the largest public sector employers in the state, and identifies a mean gender pay gap of 16 per cent. Once the civil service grade, working patterns, the type of pay scale, the point on pay scale, and the level of non-basic pay are considered, the gender pay gap is eliminated. When decomposed using the Blinder-Oaxaca method, approximately three-quarters of the gender pay gap is due to grade differences, while approximately one-quarter is due to working patterns. None of the gap is explained by men earning a higher return for the same observed characteristics as women. In other words, unequal pay caused by direct gender discrimination does not play any role in the observed pay gap. Given that gender imbalance across grades is the dominant explanation for the pay gap, and may itself reflect indirect gender discrimination, the paper concludes with policy recommendations to support the advancement of female employees to higher grades and to monitor the equality outcomes from flexible work practices in the post-pandemic labour market.

This article is a study in the strength of shared strategic beliefs amongst leading British clearing bankers in the years following World War II and how those common beliefs may have inhibited potential for market growth. The subject of the study is the performance of large British deposit bankswith respect to the financing of industry. This behavior has long been criticized by economic historians as suboptimal and, depending on the commentator, has been presented variously as evidence of entrepreneurial failure, the gentrification of the City, social schism amongst the economic and social elite, the political influence of City institutions, the external orientation of capital markets, or institutional sclerosis. However, in earlier studies we have offered a rational economic explanation of the banks' behavior and practices in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Résumé L'article discute des différentes approches de l'histoire bancaire britannique. Est d'abord prise en considération, brièvement, l'approche par les études de cas, tradionnellement prédominante, avec les ouvrages consacrés à la Midland Bank par Holmes et Green, et la Barclays Bank par Ackrill et Hanna. Elles sont utilisées pour mettre en évidence un certain nombre de forces et de faiblesses associées à cette forme de méthologie historique. Cependant, les auteurs du présent article défendent l'idée qu'une étude d'histoire bancaire peut bénéficier d'un usage plus explicite des concepts théoriques et de la méthodologie empirique développés dans les sciences économiques, financières et du management. Mae Baker et Michael Collins fondent leur propre travail sur l'octroi de crédits aux entreprises par les banques commerciales britanniques avant 1914. Ils s'efforcent ainsi de démontrer que la théorie de l'agent principal peut aider à expliquer le comportement bancaire en situation de marché imparfait. Ils discutent des données et méthodes d'analyse utilisées pour établir la nature et l'effectivité du crédit bancaire fourni aux clients industriels. Ils offrent une explication pour ce comportement, basé sur des concepts de banque de transaction.