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Nuclear weapons posed a profound conceptual problem for classical realism, forcing into collision two of its long-standing core dictums: oppose world government as a source of insecurity and un-freedom, and exit anarchy into authoritative government when levels of violence interdependence in particular spaces become very high. Initially, leading realists (Burnham, Morgenthau, and Herz) chose world government, hoping internal restraints (analogous to the role played by the balance of power in anarchies with lesser levels of violence interdependence) could overcome its threat to freedom and its political impracticality. But this option reached a conceptual and practical dead end. Building on Herz's suggestion of a generalized historical materialist base-superstructural model to theorize security practices and orders, the actual materiality of the nuclear situation (previously dimly understood) points toward the obsolescence of the statist mode of protection, and toward arms control, as the practices of an alternative, republican-federal, mode of protection whose operation gradually moves world order from anarchy, but not toward a world state. Until this shift is complete, world order remains in fundamental contradiction with the nuclear forces of destruction.

AbstractUntil 2003, Japanese lawyers were prohibited by law from entering full-time employment in governmental bodies. That year, in line with recommendations by the Justice System Reform Council, the Lawyers Act was amended to permit lawyers to undertake such employment. Incorporating information and insights from interviews with former government lawyers and other concerned parties, this article examines the rise in the hiring of government lawyers and its impact. The article considers factors that have contributed to the increase, examines the roles played by these lawyers, considers prospects for the future, and discusses implications for government, the legal profession, clients, and legal education and training. The article also seeks to identify a range of issues raised by these developments that warrant further in-depth research.

AbstractElinor Ostrom's Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework has been described as 'one of the most developed and sophisticated attempts to use institutional and stakeholder assessment in order to link theory and practice, analysis and policy'. But not all elements in the framework are sufficiently well developed. This paper focuses on one such element: the 'rules-in-use' (a.k.a. 'rules' or 'working rules'). Specifically, it begins a long-overdue conversation about relations between formal legal rules and 'working rules' by offering a tentative and very simple typology of relations. Type 1: Some formal legal rules equal or approximate the working rules; Type 2: Some legal rules plus (or emended by) widely held social norms equal or approximate the working rules; and Type 3: Some legal rules bear no evident relation to the working rules. Several examples, including some previously used by Ostrom, are provided to illustrate each of the three types, which can be conceived of as nodes or ranges along a continuum. The paper concludes with a call for empirical research, especially case studies and meta-analyses, to determine the relevant scope of each of these types of relations, and to provide data for furthering our understanding of how different types of rules, from various sources, function (or not) as institutions.

La ponencia hará foco en la universidad y la construcción de sus problemas político-pedagógicos contemporáneos en el debate internacional, latinoamericano y argentino. Para su abordaje se pretende partir de plantear la necesidad de un programa de renovación teórica y metodológica de los supuestos con los que vino operando la tradición crítica en ciencias sociales.Este programa partiría desde una "concepción pragmática de saber", que busca su validez "fuera de ella": en el análisis crítico de sus consecuencias prácticas y potencialidades transformadoras, en su encuentro con otras formas de saber y con otras prácticas sociales que también se interrogan por el mundo y el lugar de los sujetos y el conocimiento en él, en su capacidad de entrar en diálogo y traducir en nuevos términos la diversidad epistemológica del mundo social (Santos, 2008), en su potencia por profundizar y democratizar la sabiduría práctica, el hábito de decidir bien. Puesto de otro modo, este viraje en los criterios y estrategias para valorar el conocimiento crítico producido por la ciencia social o por alguna otra forma de construcción de saberes y comprensiones sociales, se fundamenta en la convicción de que la racionalidad que subyace a la ciencia moderna y que sigue orientando hegemónicamente la construcción de sus objetos y las formas de problematizarlos, de estudiarlos y de ponerlos en relación, ha tenido efectos prácticos sobre la realidad. ; The lecture will focus on the university and the construction of contemporary political-pedagogical problems in the international Latin American and Argentine debate. In order to approach it, it is proposed to consider the necessity of a program of theoretical and methodological renewal of the assumptions with which the critical tradition in the social sciences came to operate. This program would start from a "pragmatic conception of knowledge", which seeks its validity "outside of it": in the critical analysis of its practical consequences and transformative potentialities, in its encounter with other forms of knowledge and with other social practices that also interrogate the world and the place of the subjects and the knowledge in it, in its capacity to enter into dialogue and translate in new terms the epistemological diversity of the social world, in its power to democratize practical wisdom. This shift in the criteria and strategies for valuing the critical knowledge produced by social science, or some other form of construction of social knowledge and understanding, is based on the conviction that the rationality that underlies the modern science, and which continues to guide hegemonically the construction of its objects and the ways of problematizing, studying and putting them in relation, has had practical effects on reality. ; Mesas autoconvocadas: Estudios interdisciplinarios y nuevos desarrollos ; Facultad de Psicología

Until 2003, Japanese lawyers were prohibited by law from entering full-time employment in governmental bodies. That year, in line with recommendations by the Justice System Reform Council, the Lawyers Act was amended to permit lawyers to undertake such employment. Incorporating information and insights from interviews with former government lawyers and other concerned parties, this article examines the rise in the hiring of government lawyers and its impact. The article considers factors that have contributed to the increase, examines the roles played by these lawyers, considers prospects for the future, and discusses implications for government, the legal profession, clients, and legal education and training. The article also seeks to identify a range of issues raised by these developments that warrant further in-depth research.

Today's international organizations are characterized by a high level of diversity. Work teams consist of people with a variety of experiences, abilities, cultural and ethnic backgrounds. Expatriates enhance this range of diversity. The paper at hand examines which role expatriates and the management of expatriation play in terms of managing an organization's diversity. For this purpose, a literature review has been conducted and the findings have been contrasted with the results of an exploratory survey in a multinational corporation.In the academic discourse, expatriation management and diversity management have been separated areas so far. There are a few studies on expatriation which examine diversity-related aspects. In managing diversity literature a few studies could be identified which mention expatriation. But no study examines the intentional usage of expatriation as an instrument to actively manage diversity. When aligning these results with the empirical findings of the above mentioned survey, it becomes apparent that expatriates and human resource practitioners do not see diversity and expatriation as an integrated concept, too.These results seem surprising since organizational learning, based on the variety of individual experiences, traits, and qualifications, is the basis of both expatriation and diversity management. The conceptualization of an integrated approach appears to be a promising task for further research.