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The Maoist insurgency in Nepal is one of the highest intensity internal conflicts in recent times. Investigation into the causes of the conflict would suggest that grievance rather than greed is the main motivating force. The concept of horizontal or inter-group inequality, with both an ethnic and caste dimension, is highly relevant in explaining the Nepalese civil war. There is also a spatial aspect to the conflict, which is most intense in the most disadvantaged areas in terms of human development indicators and land holdings. Using the intensity of conflict (fatalities) as the dependent variable and HDI indicators and landlessness as explanatory variables, we find that the intensity of conflict across the districts of Nepal is significantly explained by the degree of inequalities. – Nepal ; Maoist insurgency ; spatial inequality ; horizontal inequality

Includes bibliographical references (p. 169-176) and index. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Includes bibliographical references (p. 247-262) and index. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Methodological problems in the study of child soldiers / Barry Ames -- An ethical perspective on child soldiers / Jeff McMahan -- The evolution of the United Nations' protection agenda for children: applying international standards / Tonderai W. Chikuhwa -- No place to hide: refugees, displaced persons, and child soldier recruits / Vera Achvarina, Simon Reich -- Recruiting children for armed conflict / Jens Christopher Andvig, Scott Gates -- The enablers of war: causal factors behind the child soldier phenomenon / P.W. Singer -- Child recruitment in Burma, Sri Lanka, and Nepal / Jo Becker -- Organizing minors: the case of Colombia / Francisco Gutierrez Sanín -- War, displacement, and the recruitment of child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of Congo / Sarah Kenyon Lischer -- Disaggregating the causal factors unique to child soldiering: the case of Liberia / James B. Pugel -- Girls in armed forces and groups in Angola: implications for ethical research and reintegration / Michael G. Wessells -- National policies to prevent the recruitment of child soldiers / Emily Vargas-Barón -- Wise investments in future neighbors: recruitment deterrence, human agency, and education / Maureen W. McClure, Gonzalo Retamal -- Ending the scourge of child soldiering: an indirect approach / Andrew Mack

Abstract
The award committee has chosen Jean-Paul Azam as the winner of the 2019 Lewis Fry Richardson Award in particular in recognition of his contributions to the study of violent conflict and its prevention. The jury highlighted the key role of Jean-Paul Azam's works on applying rational choice theory to understand armed conflicts, providing a consistent conceptual framework. Many of the resulting hypotheses were empirically tested, usually with the help of some co-authors to identify the most relevant causes of violent conflicts and their prevention. His work has provided important insights on diverse topics relating to civil war and terrorism.

Why do some armed civil conflicts last longer than others? Drawing on a contest success function model, we show that geographic factors (such as location, terrain, and natural resources) interact with rebel fighting capacity and together play a crucial role in determining the duration of conflict. Using precisely dated duration data in event history models and geographic data for the conflict location, we find that conflicts located at considerable distance from the main government stronghold, along remote international borders and in regions with valuable minerals last substantially longer. In addition, we find that rebel military capacity in its own right increases the prospects of a civil conflict ending within a short time period. Our findings imply that the distances an army must travel to project power, rebel fighting capacity, and characteristics of conflict region affect how a civil war is fought and who will prevail.

The articles in this special issue address such questions as: How do states approach global health issues? How have they utilized health diplomacy and for what purposes? What are the principal challenges? How do pandemics affect conflict, and vice versa? Has health diplomacy effectively addressed global health concerns particularly in conflict-torn societies? This special issue contributes to our understanding of pandemics, health diplomacy, and peace by highlighting issues associated with responses to global health issues and health diplomacy. The articles offer novel perspectives for analyzing the prospects for global health and security.

Abstract
The award committee has chosen Paul Collier as the winner of the 2016 Lewis Fry Richardson Award in particular in recognition of his contributions to the study of civil war. His famous paper on "Greed and grievance in civil war" – published with Anke Hoeffler in 2004, but circulating in draft form since the late 1990s – has been cited over 1000 times in the Web of Science as of mid-July 2016, and has over 5000 citations in Google Scholar. The jury also highlighted the key role of Collier's work reviving academic research on civil war in the late 1990s, the broader impact of the World Bank group led by Collier in spurring advances in the field as well as stimulating important data collection efforts, as well as his central role in popularizing insights of academic research to a broader audience.