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Two classes of argument, logical and moral, are usually offered for the general assumption that racism is inherently irrational. The logical arguments involve accusations concerning stereotyping (category mistakes and empirical errors resulting from overgeneralization) as well as inconsistencies between attitudes and behavior and inconsistencies in beliefs. Moral arguments claim that racism fails as means to well-defined ends, or that racist acts achieve ends other than moral ones. Based on a rationality-neutral definition of racism, it is argued in this article that none of these arguments establish exhaustively that racism is inherently irrational. Ways are suggested to proceed in condemning racism(s) as morally and socially unacceptable, independent of the irrationality claim.

The historical & social context of racism is discussed in an examination of the evolution & nature of racist discourse. It is argued that a critical theory of racism must universally recognize, account for, & oppose every manifestation of racism. Such a theory demands understanding of the complex set of central constitutive elements that shape racism & are reinterpreted as the historical, cultural & social environment changes. It is suggested that the discursive field of racism is broad enough to encompass the diverse variables & outcomes that characterize racism, including beliefs, verbal outbursts, physical acts & their consequences, the principles of racism, & racist texts. Examination of racist discourse moves away from the dominant modes of analyzing racism in the social sciences, which often reinforce racism through the acceptance of categories of race & racial difference. Although racist cruelty has been legally abolished in most developed nations, indirect legal & extralegal means of racial oppression still thrive. It is concluded that the opposition of racist discourse & practice involves the transformation of socioeconomic & formal structural determinants of race, & the formation of discursive alternatives in opposition to racism. T. Sevier

The Middle East has always been a source of great power confrontations, vast religious movements, and historic "about- faces." It has also had a magnetic pull, enticing commitments and allegiances from other countries. The conflict between Israel and the Arab states has been characterized by failure to compromise, deep animosities, and drastic misperceptions that have remained, despite the passage of generations, bitter and intractable. Although this conflict is essentially a struggle between two national movements - Arab and Jewish - its impact reaches far beyond the Middle East.

Across the world, cities are becoming larger, as populations drift from the country into urban areas. At the same time, the mentally ill are leaving the mental hospitals and new forms of care are being found in the community. The best ways in which services for the mentally ill can be organized in the community is still a matter for debate, and as cities become larger problems may become greater.; This text compares mental health services in London with those in Amsterdam, Baltimore, Bangalore, Copenhagen, Kobe, Madison, Porto Alegre, Sydney, Teheran and Verona. It describes arrangements that

Many modern firms and interest groups are tasked with the challenge of monitoring the status and performance of a bevy of distinct products. As online user-generated content has increased in volume, new unstructured data sources are available for mining unique insights. Reports of injuries arising as a result of product usage are particularly concerning. In this paper, we utilize complimentary approaches to address this problem. We analyze two novel datasets; first, a government-maintained dataset of hazard and injury reports and second, a large dataset of cross-industry consumer product reviews manually coded for the presence of hazard and injury reports. We apply an unsupervised topic modeling approach to characterize the hazard and injury reports detected. Then, we implement a supervised transfer learning technique, using information obtained from the government-maintained dataset to detect hazard and injury reports in online reviews. Our results offer improved surveillance for monitoring hazards across multiple industries.