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Innovation processes are vehicles of growth and, therefore, require effective management systems. These circumstances raise the question of how a particular innovation process model influences the features of budgeting implementation at the enterprise. The article aims to figure out the main provisions, which profoundly impact using budgeting for particular innovation process models. Methodologically, this article reviews theoretical approaches and practical basis on innovation process models and peculiarities of using budgeting in this area. Authoritative sources on these issues and the search covering 43 years were observed. This study was also based upon the secondary research data provided by international institutions, such as consulting companies, which help to reveal theoretical foundations and extensive experience in using budgeting practices on innovative companies around the world. Thus, the following statements were identified: an interconnection between the innovation process model and the creation of business units that become budgeting points; specific innovation process models require stage-based budgeting; particular innovation process models demand greater budgeting flexibility. Investigation of these statements led to the discovery: innovation processes models, which require being closed within business units and others that can demand to be more separated; models that are more in need of milestone budgeting; nature of influence flexibility on the efficiency of innovation. The demonstrated findings on features of using budgeting for particular innovation process models can help executives reconsider the existing systems to increase its efficiency.

The study of activity has been a focus of Russian psychology for more than half of the century. Over this period, activity has been considered in various aspects: from the perspective of a person's mentality formation, mentality manifestation in activity, connection of activity with individual and psychological features (properties of the nervous system, properties of temperament and the personality). There have been studied procedural and operational features and productive characteristics of activity, the style of activity as an adaptive characteristic reflecting the person's activity and style in terms of adaptive and compensatory functions of activity. The most important condition of studying activity in the above areas of research was the solution of problem of its diagnostics. As a rule, diagnostics was carried out by means of accounting the approximate executive and control components of activity in the course of the studied activity. The present research is devoted to the development of a questionnaire for diagnostics of the school principals' activity structure. The paper provides the results of developing a diagnostic technique with regard to the principal of the modern comprehensive school. The psychometric status of the questionnaire is presented, its reliability and validity are shown, and also the list of the questions reflecting the content of the main principals' activities is given. The results can be used in further psychological and pedagogical research on the problems of modern education. The presented questionnaire is necessary for further study of the principals' activity structure, for research into the formation mechanisms of the activity style, and for correction of the activity in order to increase the performance among the heads of educational organizations. Further research on the connections between the structure and style of the principals' activity and their individual psychological features is a question of a special interest. It can be conducted on the basis of the presented questionnaire.

The article explains the aggravating circumstances concept and essence. It shows the correlation between the aggravating circumstances and qualifying signs of crimes and examines the role of aggravating circumstances in sentencing under the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The qualifying signs and the aggravating circumstances are treated ambiguously in the doctrine of criminal law. The monographic study of these criminal law institutions in Russia have been carried out on the basis of the voided penal legislation. The analysis of the aggravating circumstance and qualifying signs of the crimes in this article has been done following the latest changes in the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation. During the study of these criminal responsibility differentiation means and punishment individualization 1,000 criminal cases has been studied. Also the mistakes made by the courts using qualifying signs and aggravating circumstances were revealed. The recommendations to improve judicial practice and criminal law were made in this paper based on an analysis of judicial practice. In addition, a comparative analysis of the criminal punishment institution under the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the Italian criminal law has been performed. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3s7p169

We investigate the factors attracting FDI into highly diversified Russian regions during the phase of transition, and verify the impact of transition experience on the current FDI inflow. Using cross-sectional and panel data, we demonstrate that the highly inhomogeneous investment pattern is explained, in addition to classical demand factors, by specific economic and socio-institutional regional characteristics. Russia appears as an idiosyncratic country where foreign investors seek a stable social and institutional context. Using recent FDI data we show that transition experiences influence current FDI inflow, particularly when the strength of the institutional environment and availability of infrastructures are taken into account.

Regionalization and participation at the integration associations represent a typical way of national economic development. To be inside an integration process allows member states to address better their socio-economic problems and political coordination. The stability and resilience of integration associations are critical to their success. In this optic the integration associations may be subjects convergence and divergence. These phenomena may be envisaged in the income inequality of the participating countries.Aim. To study the features and prospects of the socio-economic convergence within the EEU member states, the EEU strategic contour and within the main trends of integration processes in Eurasia.Task. The tasks are following. The first one is to study the sustainability of the EEU and within its strategic contours formed by agreements on free trade zones through the convergent and divergent trends assessment. The second task is to conduct a comparative analysis of Eurasian integration to the European Union and ASEAN development.Methods. Assess the level and dynamics of income inequality among the EEU states and samples of states with which the EEU has agreements on free trade zones, which are the CIS, Serbia, Vietnam, Iran and Singapore, as well as states with which such agreements are planned to be concluded in the near future. This list of the EEU's prospect partners includes Egypt, Israel and India, based on the Gini index, using the European Union and ASEAN as reference parameters. Use calculations to interpret the processes of convergence and divergence of various types of integration processes.Results. The estimates showed, in general, a significant interpretive potential of the interstate Gini index. The study particular results demonstrated that the EEU has a level of convergence comparable to the level of the EU before the accession of a large array of states in 2004. The level of convergence of the CIS, estimated using the Gini index, is comparable to the current level of the European Union. It was also revealed that both in the EU and in the CIS, the reduction in inequality over the selected analysis interval does not have a clear prospect. Calculations also showed the convergence of states within the EEU and its strategic contours to be sensitive to external shocks, while the convergence of ASEAN states is more directed.Conclusions. The approach used by the authors to assess the convergence of integration processes based on the calculation of the interstate Gini index explains with sufficient completeness the reasons for the successful development of the EEU and its sustainability. At the same time, the use of the interstate Gini index for the analysis of convergence and divergence of integration processes made it possible to conclude that the integration models of the states of the Global North and the Global South are diverse.

The relevance of the research topic is due to the entry of Russian regions into the space of a pandemic crisis, a decrease in their level of economic security and the need to develop tools to improve it. The purpose of the study is to study the features of the current pandemic crisis and its impact on the development of Russian regions, as well as the search for digital technologies to ensure their economic security.The objectives of the study are to identify the characteristic features of the pandemic crisis and to determine the Russian regional specifics of its manifestation, systematize threats to economic security for the regional economy arising in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to substantiate the advantages of digital technologies for leveling threats to economic security during the pandemic crisis. The authors used the analysis of scientific literature and the method of comparative analysis to compare the socio-economic dynamics of Russian regions.Metodology. The method of systematization was used to study the threats to the economic security of the region during the pandemic crisis. To reveal the features of the impact of the pandemic on the economic security of Russian regions, the authors implemented a method of economic and statistical analysis.Results. The article highlights the characteristic features of the pandemic crisis, reveals the Russian regional specifics of its manifestation. The authors attempt to systematize the threats to economic security for the regional economy arising in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The threats of epidemiological, economic, social and technological nature are highlighted. The analysis of the indicators of the socio-economic situation of the regions of Russia, reflecting the current trends of territorial development, is carried out.Conclusions. The analysis allowed the authors to conclude that the level of economic security of the regions of Russia has decreased during the pandemic crisis. The identified advantages of digital technologies allowed the authors to substantiate the expediency of their using as the basis of implemented measures to level threats to the economic security of Russian regions in the context of the pandemic crisis.

In September 2022, a monograph was published by a team of authors, most of whom are employees of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations RAS named after E. M. Primakov. The inspirer of the project and the editor, as well as the author of the Introduction, is the head of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies of the Institute, Corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Irina Donovna Zvyagelskaya. Below is a review of the book «The Struggle for the Eastern Mediterranean: Interests and Ambitions». This pilot study of a major regional problem was presented and discussed at a seminar dedicated to G. I. Mirsky. Since new facets of the topic under discussion were highlighted during the discussion, it seemed important to comprehensively evaluate the monograph itself and the problems posed in it, taking into account that in 2019 and 2020, the author of this review (in co-authorship) published two articles on this topic in the Bulletin of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS.

The events of recent years in Lebanon reflect important changes in the country's political and social life. In this regard, it is important to understand what caused the new aggravation of the crisis in Lebanese society. Perhaps this is no longer just a crisis. What does the saltpeter explosion in the port of Beirut, which destroyed half of the capital, show? What reforms are demanded by the Lebanese who have taken to the streets of cities? What does the Lebanese political establishment offer its citizens and can it transform the country's long-established traditional system of government and governance in order to overcome the main obstacles to its economic and social development? In theory, Lebanon could well become a modern, prosperous country it was in the past. But will the Lebanese elite be able to sign a new contract with society? Peaceful demands and protests of the Lebanese grew into direct confrontation with the security forces of the state. The radicalization of these protests forced the authorities to satisfy some of the demands of a significant part of the population, primarily young people. However, the main requirements — new parliamentary and presidential elections with the condition of admission to them of all candidates, regardless of their religious and party affiliation — were not even discussed in the ruling elite. Recent events in Lebanon have convincingly shown that the role and significance of this small Middle Eastern state in the political alignment of forces in the region far exceeds its size and is not without reason attracting the closest attention of the main international players. The struggle for influence in the Middle East depends not least on how and in what time frame the Lebanese Republic will restore its economy and the harmony of all sectors of society.