Suchergebnisse

Historians and economists often refer to the United States experience under the Articles of Confederation as evidence against decentralised government finance. While it is true that the US government had difficulty raising money from the states during this period, we argue that these facts are a benefit of the system, not a flaw. A 'bottom‐up' system of finance, such as the one that existed under the Articles of Confederation, is an important check on Leviathan and has implications for United Nations fund‐raising efforts and development economics.

Trade theorists agree that barriers to trade are declining. Still more progress could be made if trade barriers and government interventions were eliminated. One area in which government interference can and should be vastly reduced is that of agricultural production in general and US cotton production in particular.

Unit cohesion in the ancient world -- an introduction / Joshua R. Hall -- The eager amateur : unit cohesion and the Athenian hoplite phalanx / Roel Konijnendijk -- The Rhodian slingers in Xenophon's Anabasis / C.W. Marshall -- Keeping it together : Aeneas Tacticus and unit cohesion in ancient Greek siege warfare / Aimee Schofield -- "Once within the gates" : storming cities and unit cohesion in ancient Mediterranean warfare / Gabriel Baker -- Unit cohesion in the multi-ethnic armies of Carthage / Joshua R. Hall and Louis Rawlings -- Roman standards and trumpets as implements of cohesion in battle / Adam Anders -- The legionary standards as a means of religious cohesion / Ben Greet -- Looking for unit cohesion at the end of antiquity / Conor Ghately -- "They were routed" : cohesion and disintegration in ancient battle / Louis Rawlings.

"This book explores unit cohesion in ancient armies, and how this contributed to the making of war in the Mediterranean world. It takes a varied approach to the subject, from looking at individual groups within larger armies to juxtaposing vertical and horizontal types of cohesion, providing a more detailed understanding of how groups were kept together. Within the broader definition of 'unit cohesion', this volume approaches more specific aspects of military cohesion in the ancient Mediterranean world including how individual soldiers commit to one another; how armies and units are maintained through hierarchy and the 'chain of command'; and social cohesion, in which social activities and aspects of social power help bind an army or unit together. Examples from across the ancient Mediterranean are explored in this volume, from Classical Greece to Late Antiquity, with topics such as how armies and units cohere during the sacking of cities, Roman standards as a focus of religious cohesion, and how the multi-ethnic mercenary armies of Carthage cohered. Modern approaches to social cohesion are deployed throughout, and these essays serve as an important complement to existing literature on unit cohesion more generally. Unit Cohesion and Warfare in the Ancient World is of interest to students and scholars of ancient warfare, military history and military studies, as well as those working on the ancient Mediterranean world more broadly"--

Abstract
Urbanization transforms many aspects of natural landscapes and poses many new challenges for individual survival and population persistence. Thus, urbanization provides an opportunity to examine how organisms deal with novel environmental change. Many studies provide evidence of phenotypic adaptation to urban environments, but few focus on responses during early life stages. Filling this information gap is important, because early life stages are particularly sensitive to abiotic factors, and no population is sustainable without successful embryo development. We tested the hypotheses that (i) embryos tolerate warmer temperature conditions of urbanized areas and (ii) maternal nesting behavior protects embryos from potentially lethal thermal conditions in urbanized habitats. We studied introduced populations of a subtropical lizard, Anolis cristatellus, in suburban and forested areas in Miami, Florida. In each habitat, we measured microenvironment variables for locations that females used for nesting vs. locations they did not use. We then incubated eggs from both populations under thermal conditions that mimicked used and unused sites. Nests in the suburban site were warmer than in the forest; however, in the suburban site, locations that females used were relatively cool compared with locations that were not used. We found no evidence that embryos are adapted to their respective suburban or forested thermal environments, but rather maternal nest-site choice enhanced embryo development in the suburban habitat. Maternal nesting behavior is likely an important factor for population persistence under major environmental changes, and a key contributor to the establishment and spread of invasive organisms across urbanized landscapes.

Efficiency wage models of the labor market have become one of the key elements of the New- and Post-Keynesian schools of thought. In this paper, we argue that the concept of efficiency wages is not traditional to Keynesian economics, and that these schools developed the theory's modern relevance only after orthodox Keynesian theory had lost credibility in the 1970s and 1980s. The theory persists as a justification for an economy riddled with inherent real market imperfections, thus legitimizing continued interventionist macro policy. Adapted from the source document.