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Export led growth remains a critical route out of poverty for many least developed countries (LDCs). But in a world increasingly concerned about climate change and the contribution of international trade to global warming will measures being considered to mitigate emissions hurt the export opportunities of LDCs? This paper reviews the trade-related instruments being considered by both policymakers and business communities to mitigate climate change, identifying areas where LDCs may be affected. The paper explores the following key issues: (i) how a shift to low carbon transportation may affect LDC exports given their remote location from main markets; (ii) how LDCs' exports will be influenced by their own domestic climate measures; (iii) whether mitigation instruments introduced by other governments that result in carbon border tax adjustments will significantly affect LDC exports; (iv) the importance of the nature of liberalization of trade in green goods; (v) how government sustainability standards in overseas market may affect trade, and finally (vi) the potential impact of private measures used by businesses for carbon management. The paper shows how climate change mitigation instruments will create challenges and provide new opportunities for LDC exports that will require attention to traditional trade policy issues but also to a deeper agenda relating to regulatory development and convergence.

This paper develops a way for analyzing the structure of campaign communications within Twitter. The structure of communication affordances creates opportunities for a horizontal organization power within Twitter interactions. However, one cannot infer the structure of interactions as they materialize from the formal properties of the technical environment in which the communications occur. Consequently, the paper identifies three categories of empowering communication operations that can occur on Twitter: Campaigns can respond to others, campaigns can retweet others, and campaigns can call for others to become involved in the campaign on their own terms. The paper operationalizes these categories in the context of the 2015 U.K. general election. To determine whether Twitter is used to empower laypersons, the profiles of each account retweeted and replied to were retrieved and analyzed using natural language processing to identify whether an account is from a political figure, member of the media, or some other public figure. In addition, tweets and retweets are compared with respect to the manner key election issues are discussed. The findings indicate that empowering uses of Twitter are fairly marginal, and retweets use almost identical policy language as the original campaign tweets.

This working paper presents an overview of Jihadi related cases in Denmark between 1990 and 2006. The first part contains a summary of the known and verified cases and incidents and, furthermore, provides brief background information on international linkages. The second part attempts to answer three questions, all based on the empirical evidence presented: Which trends can be traced from the early 1990s to the present? What may have changed in the composition of the Jihadi environment in terms of ideological alignment, strategic perspectives and interaction with other Jihadists internationally? How did the radicalization processes take place? How did Danish citizens or residents become involved in Jihadi activities? Can one or more patterns of radicalisation be identified? To what extent were the Jihadists successful? Have they acquired a larger following? Did they have any actual impact on the battlefields?

The Realism Reader provides broad coverage of a centrally important tradition in the study of foreign policy and international politics. After some years in the doldrums, political realism is again in contention as a leading tradition in the international relations sub-field. Divided into three main sections, the book covers seven different and distinctive approaches within the realist tradition: classical realism, balance of power theory, neorealism, defensive structural realism, offensive structural realism, rise and fall realism, and neoclassical realism. The middle section of the volume co

The Realism Reader provides broad coverage of a centrally important tradition in the study of foreign policy and international politics. After some years in the doldrums, political realism is again in contention as a leading tradition in the international relations sub-field. Divided into three main sections, the book covers seven different and distinctive approaches within the realist tradition: classical realism, balance of power theory, neorealism, defensive structural realism, offensive structural realism, rise and fall realism, and neoclassical realism. The middl.