Suchergebnisse

Increasing consumer demand for seafood, combined with concern over the health of our oceans, has led to many initiatives aimed at tackling destructive fishing practices and promoting the sustainability of fisheries. An important global threat to sustainable fisheries is Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing, and there is now an increased emphasis on the use of trade measures to prevent IUU-sourced fish and fish products from entering the international market. Initiatives encompass new legislation in the European Union requiring the inclusion of species names on catch labels throughout the distribution chain. Such certification measures do not, however, guarantee accuracy of species designation. Using two DNA-based methods to compare species descriptions with molecular ID, we examined 386 samples of white fish, or products labelled as primarily containing white fish, from major UK supermarket chains. Species specific real-time PCR probes were used for cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) to provide a highly sensitive and species-specific test for the major species of white fish sold in the UK. Additionally, fish-specific primers were used to sequence the forensically validated barcoding gene, mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI). Overall levels of congruence between product label and genetic species identification were high, with 94.34% of samples correctly labelled, though a significant proportion in terms of potential volume, were mislabelled. Substitution was usually for a cheaper alternative and, in one case, extended to a tropical species. To our knowledge, this is the first published study encompassing a large-scale assessment of UK retailers, and if representative, indicates a potentially significant incidence of incorrect product designation.

Debate on the 'securitization' of aid and international development since 9/11 has been anchored in two key claims: that the phenomenon has been driven and imposed by western governments and that this is wholly unwelcome and deleterious for those in Africa and elsewhere in the developing world. This article challenges both of these assumptions by demonstrating how a range of African regimes have not only benefited from this dispensation but have also actively encouraged and shaped it, even incorporating it into their own militarized state-building projects. Drawing on the cases of Chad, Ethiopia, Uganda and Rwanda-four semi-authoritarian polities which have been sustained by the securitization trend-we argue that these developments have not been an accidental by-product of the global 'war on terror'. Instead, we contend, they have been the result of a deliberate set of choices and policy decisions by these African governments as part of a broader 'illiberal state-building' agenda. In delineating this argument we outline four major strategies employed by these regimes in this regard: 'playing the proxy'; simultaneous 'socialization' of development policy and 'privatization' of security affairs; making donors complicit in de facto regional security arrangements; and constructing regime 'enemies' as broader, international threats. (International Affairs (Oxford) / SWP)

This publication includes reviews of the following books:The Horn of Africa by
Kidane Mengisteab. Cambridge: Polity, 2014. £15.99 (pbk.). Pp. 240+index. ISBN:
9780745651217. Review by Christopher Clapham. Ethiopia: the last two frontiers by John
Markakis. Woodbridge: James Currey, 2011. Pp. 399. $34.95 (pbk.). ISBN: 9781847010742.
Review by Christopher Clapham.Regime change and succession politics in Africa: five
decades of misrule, edited by Maurice Nyamanga Amutabi and Shadrack Wanjala Nasong'o.
New York and London: Routledge, 2013. Pp. 237+bibliography+index, £80.00 (hbk). ISBN13:
9780415534086. Review by Tim Kelsall.China's resource diplomacy in Africa: powering
development? by Marcus Power, Giles Mohan and May-Tan Mullins. New York and Basingstoke:
Palgrave MacMillan, 2012. Pp. 329 + xix, £63 (hbk.). ISBN: 9780230229129. Review by
Pádraig Carmody.Dealing with government in South Sudan: histories of chiefship,
community and state by Cherry Leonardi. Suffolk: James Currey (Eastern African Series),
2013. Pp. 224 + notes + bibliography + index. £45.00 (hbk). ISBN: 9781847010674. Review
by Jonathan Fisher.