Suchergebnisse

The status of French in Egypt has always been dependent on the general political situation of the country. Although the French language was never recognized as an official language in Egypt, it has long been considered the first foreign language of international communication. As a result, it was given a privileged and unique status in the major cities of the country such as Cairo and Alexandria. This study's objective is to use the Leprette collection to reveal and analyze the role of France in the Egyptian public education during the 20th century, more precisely between 1919 and 1956.By his position as a teacher then as an inspector, Fernand Leprette was in contact with all the teachers of the French language (French and Egyptian), attentively collecting their testimonies and responding to their requests. His correspondence with the French teachers, his reports of his visits to the various educational establishments in the country, his notes, his articles and his reports, are all sources of information. The pivotal position of Fernand Leprette between the Egyptian francophone literary life and the national educational network, allowed him to have a careful look on the level of French in Egypt and the importance of its presence. In 1922 and as a consequence of the British occupation, the inspectors of National Education and the French authorities were deeply concerned when they noted the low level of students in French. For all of them, reformations were needed, which required new regulations regarding the teaching and learning of this language. It is in this context that our research is situated; it aims to follow the evolution of French in Egypt since its implantation, at the beginning of the 19th century, until 1956. And this is through the role played by Fernand Leprette at the Ministry of Public Instruction. ; Le statut du français en Égypte a toujours été lié à la situation politique générale du pays. Bien que la langue française n'ait jamais été reconnue comme langue officielle en Égypte, elle a ...

The status of French in Egypt has always been dependent on the general political situation of the country. Although the French language was never recognized as an official language in Egypt, it has long been considered the first foreign language of international communication. As a result, it was given a privileged and unique status in the major cities of the country such as Cairo and Alexandria. This study's objective is to use the Leprette collection to reveal and analyze the role of France in the Egyptian public education during the 20th century, more precisely between 1919 and 1956.By his position as a teacher then as an inspector, Fernand Leprette was in contact with all the teachers of the French language (French and Egyptian), attentively collecting their testimonies and responding to their requests. His correspondence with the French teachers, his reports of his visits to the various educational establishments in the country, his notes, his articles and his reports, are all sources of information. The pivotal position of Fernand Leprette between the Egyptian francophone literary life and the national educational network, allowed him to have a careful look on the level of French in Egypt and the importance of its presence. In 1922 and as a consequence of the British occupation, the inspectors of National Education and the French authorities were deeply concerned when they noted the low level of students in French. For all of them, reformations were needed, which required new regulations regarding the teaching and learning of this language. It is in this context that our research is situated; it aims to follow the evolution of French in Egypt since its implantation, at the beginning of the 19th century, until 1956. And this is through the role played by Fernand Leprette at the Ministry of Public Instruction. ; Le statut du français en Égypte a toujours été lié à la situation politique générale du pays. Bien que la langue française n'ait jamais été reconnue comme langue officielle en Égypte, elle a longtemps été considérée comme la première langue étrangère de communication internationale. De ce fait, elle a bénéficié d'un statut privilégié et unique dans les grandes villes du pays telles que Le Caire et Alexandrie. Cette étude s'est donnée pour objectif d'utiliser le fonds Leprette pour faire apparaître et analyser le rôle de la France dans l'enseignement public égyptien au cours du XXe siècle, plus précisément entre 1919 et 1956. Enseignant, puis inspecteur, Fernand Leprette a été en relation avec l'ensemble des enseignants de français (français et égyptiens), recueillant attentivement leurs témoignages et répondant à leurs demandes. Sa correspondance avec les enseignants de français, ses rapports de visites dans les différents établissements éducatifs du pays, ses notes, ses articles et ses comptes-rendus, sont autant de sources d'informations. La position de Fernand Leprette, entre vie littéraire francophone égyptienne et réseau éducatif national, lui permettait d'avoir un regard averti sur le niveau du français en Égypte et sur l'ampleur de sa présence. En 1922 et comme conséquence de l'occupation britannique, c'est un malaise profond que vivaient les inspecteurs de l'Éducation nationale et les autorités françaises, en constatant le bas niveau des étudiants en français. Pour tous, des réformes s'imposaient, qui nécessitaient de nouvelles réglementations concernant l'enseignement et l'apprentissage de cette langue. C'est dans ce cadre que se situe notre recherche qui se propose de suivre l'évolution du français en Égypte depuis son implantation, au début du XIXe siècle, jusqu'en 1956. Et cela à travers le rôle qu'a eu Fernand Leprette au ministère de l'Instruction publique.

Confronted in its southern neighborhood with the choice between continued promotion of democratic transitions and the need for stability in the post Arab-Spring environment, the EU is tilting to the latter. Past EU efforts reflected the conviction that peace, stability, and prosperity were the outcomes of democracy. But threats of regional conflict, civil wars, waves of immigrants, and rise in terror is forcing a rethinking. While searching for stability is understandable, supporting a return of authoritarianism is counterproductive. Indeed, a return to tyranny in the Arab world has already created significant public discontent that has led to a second wave of Arab uprisings. The EU should seek to strengthen societal resilience by supporting democratic reforms, for example, by supporting local Arab civil society initiatives. Such support should be guided by local priorities, those that address the economic and well as the political, educational, and health needs of the Arab public.

Confronted in its southern neighborhood with the choice between continued promotion of democratic transitions and the need for stability in the post Arab-Spring environment, the EU is tilting to the latter. Past EU efforts reflected the conviction that peace, stability, and prosperity were the outcomes of democracy. But threats of regional conflict, civil wars, waves of immigrants, and rise in terror is forcing a rethinking. While searching for stability is understandable, supporting a return of authoritarianism is counterproductive. Indeed, a return to tyranny in the Arab world has already created significant public discontent that has led to a second wave of Arab uprisings. The EU should seek to strengthen societal resilience by supporting democratic reforms, for example, by supporting local Arab civil society initiatives. Such support should be guided by local priorities, those that address the economic and well as the political, educational, and health needs of the Arab public.

Purpose
This paper aims to investigate the ideological discourse in the EU's self-presentation, which will provide a new standpoint for scholars interested in analyzing the EU's foreign policy.


Design/methodology/approach
To understand how the EU perceives itself, the research investigates the Preamble of the Treaty of the European Union (Maastricht Treaty 1992) and its consolidated versions of 1997, 2002, 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2016. Investigation of the consolidated versions of the Maastricht treaty is important to understand how the Union came to develop the image of the Self throughout time and how the international context had affected EU's self-image. The preambles are analyzed using the socio-cognitive approach to critical discourse analysis to examine the ideological discourse of self-presentation.


Findings
It can be concluded that the discourse used in the preamble reflects an ideological discourse used by the EU to present itself in positive ways. Such an ideological discourse emphasizes the differentiation between the in-group and out-group identification. Thus, it can suggest some implications that the EU holds a negative portray of the "Other" who do not hold the same characteristics, activities, goals, norms and values.


Originality/value
Understanding the possibility of such an ideological discourse can help researchers to adopt a new standpoint to analyze the EU's foreign policy, which can help in providing new perspective for academic scholarly work.

PurposeThe study aims to investigate how the collaborative activities of joint action and knowledge-sharing between cross-border buyers and sellers influence the affect-state of buyers and eventually develop their strategic performance under the contingent condition of psychic distance.Design/methodology/approachSurvey data collected from 235 Taiwanese importers were analyzed using partial least squares to test the proposed conceptual framework.FindingsJoint action and knowledge-sharing are found to increase buyer's engagement and affective commitment. Psychic distance is found to weaken the effect of collaborative activities on engagement and affective commitment. Both engagement and affective commitment are found to increase strategic performance, and the findings confirm their intervening role in the collaborative activities-strategic performance relationship.Originality/valueThe study offers insights into the under researched areas of collaborative activities and strategic performance in international exchanges and highlights the role of psychic distance in the success or failure of relational exchanges in international environments. The study introduces the concept of engagement and advances the theoretical understanding of the concept's significance and application in international buyer–seller exchanges.