Suchergebnisse

A number of national income estimates are available for
pre-Partition India. Many of these estimates, especially those
pertaining to the last quarter of the 19th and the early 20th centuries,
had their origin in political controversy. The estimators were mainly
concerned with proving or refuting the idea that the per capita income
was very low and that the government had failed to improve the economic
conditions of the masses[6]. The earlier estimates were based on scanty
data but as time passed, the basic statistics as well as the methods of
income estima¬tion improved. The studies of national income of British
India, undertaken by Dr. V.K.R.V. Rao, were exhaustive and comprehensive
and still serve as a useful reference for all those who are interested
in the history of national income estimation in India [14]. Because of
the general lack of economic data in India, Dr. Rao conducted a number
of ad hoc enquiries in different parts of India to fill in the existing
gaps in data. The various estimates of per capita income in India before
Partition are shown in Appendix Table A-I. These estimates are at
current prices. Because of differences in concepts and methodology,
these estimates are not entirely comparable and are to be regarded as
rough approximations of per capita net national product at factor cost.

1.11 Chapter 10: The Science of Global Warming1.12 Chapter 11: Conclusions; 2 State-of-The-Art of the Climate Change Debate; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 The Anthropogenic Climate Change (ACC); 2.3 The Climate Change as a Natural Process; 2.4 Conclusions; 3 Forest Fires and Anthropogenic CO2; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 The Science of Forest Fires; 3.2.1 Role of Water and Carbon; 3.2.2 Combustion and Oxidation; 3.2.3 From Natural Energy to Natural Mass; 3.2.4 Causes of Forest Fires; 3.3 Climate Change and Forest Fire; 3.4 Setting the Stage to Discover a CO2 Effect; 3.5 Conclusions

The post-Soviet withdrawal phase of the Afghanistan conflict (1989-1995) -- The advent of the Taliban (1995-2001) -- Post-9/11 Afghanistan -- The external powers : interests and concerns -- The challenge of religious militancy and extremism in Pakistan -- Pakistan : a case of intellectual crisis and weak governance -- Conclusions

Global warming is a current and burning topic, today. To comprehend, it is: th E gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth`s atmosphere, due to increased level of carbon dioxide and other pollutants.` Extreme weather events, rise in the sealevel and a plethora of diseases are some of the serious concerns, which have drawn attention of policy-makers and scientists. It has a number of negative effects on, say, natural systems and creatures, such as butterflies, alpine herbs, life cycle of birds and plantation, etc. Given its harmful impacts, initiatives have been taken, both on n

Abstracts
Declaration of positionality and the confession of privilege as a way of revealing unequal power dynamics in knowledge production has become an increasingly encouraged reflexive practice in international relations and other disciplines. However, we interrogate the potentially negative implications of this methodology, occurring through a reification of material, assumed, and imagined hierarchies between people, which then is advertised and (re)produced by its utterance. We further query the modernist origins of reflexive methodology, which has inspired the practice of declaring positionality, and argue that its underpinning coloniality has bearings for its use today. We then explore how this coloniality manifests: Thus, first, we consider the extent to which publicly acknowledging privilege paradoxically acts as a means of centering whiteness through the narcissistic gaze and an assertion of legitimacy. Second, we argue positionality statements offer a redemption of guilt for the hegemonic researcher. And lastly, rather than ameliorating unequal power dynamics in the production of knowledge, we contend positionality statements may constitute hidden power moves in which one is able to signal and reinstate one's authority vis-à-vis people, but especially women, of color. We end with a call for a reparative scholarship that acknowledges these limitations in positionality statements.

AbstractExtending health insurance coverage to informal sector populations remains a major challenge toward achieving universal health coverage. This study aimed to fill the gap in the literature by examining barriers to enrollment in National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) among informal sector workers in Nigeria. Data were drawn from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey. The study population comprised of men (n = 10,163) and women (n = 22,216) working in the informal sector. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to examine barriers to enrollment in NHIS. Results show that the majority of men (98.9%) and women (98.6%) were not enrolled in NHIS. Age, gender of household head, educational level, socioeconomic status, geopolitical zone, distance to a health facility, frequency of reading newspapers or magazines, and watching television were significantly associated with non‐enrollment in NHIS. Findings suggest that enrollment in NHIS in Nigeria is very low. Additionally, there are significant barriers to enrollment. There is a need for governments and policymakers to address these barriers. The use of voluntary prepayments from informal sector workers as a strategy to extend health insurance coverage has not been effective.

Globally, suicide remains one of the leading causes of death among individuals aged 10 to 64 years and it ranks between second and fourth among those age 10 to 45 years. Data on suicidal behavior from Pakistan is sparse, especially for children and adolescents. A retrospective descriptive case note study was carried out of all patients under the age of 18 years (n = 69) admitted with deliberate self-harm (DSH) to a university hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. Females (63.8%) outnumbered males by 1.7:1. The mean age of the group was 16 years (± 2.2). The most frequent method used was benzodiazepine overdose (30.4%). "Family conflicts" was the main stressor reported by 66.7%. The most frequent diagnosis made was major depressive disorder in 18%. Despite the fact that 98% of our sample was Muslims and suicide is strictly forbidden in Islam, 76.8% expressed their intent to die. Multivariate logistic regression found current stressor to be significantly associated with an intention to die. Patients with nonfatal suicidal behavior form a pool for future suicides. Preventive efforts should be directed at this group. School based programs would be an effective way of addressing this.