Suchergebnisse

The article based on the analysis of some works by V.N. Kudryavtsev considers the provisions of the theory of causality in criminal law and aspects of causation as constituent element of offence. The evolution of the scien-tist's views on some problems of the concept of causality is studied. A fair criticism of the theory of necessary condition is presented, including on the basis of legal and philosophical concepts, and the position of support-ers of the exclusion of randomness from causation is examined. It is emphasized that while a reasonable and justified criticism of the theory of necessary condition is still not resolved the question of the limits of random-ness, the meaning and correlation of causal and functional relationships. The positive aspects of theoretical views of V.N. Kudryavtsev distinguishes and describes the characteristic features of his own reflections con-cerning the establishment of causal connection in criminal omission.

The features of linguistic conceptualization and representation of traditional confessional and cultural values in the linguocultural space of various societies are analyzed from ethnocultural, cognitive, socio-mental and linguo-confessional positions; identifies and characterizes constant and newest transformations and modifications of the denotative-semantic content of the most important concepts in the Russian and European mentality in the modern conditions of globalization. The theoretical significance lies in the presentation of a sharp socio-cultural "gap" in the definition of some confessional-conditioned phenomena in the Russian and Western cultural-historical traditions; in the representation of the mental and semantic transformation of some confessional value concepts in the Western linguocultural space while preserving, at the same time, the inviolability of the most important categorical and semantic features of the nominations of traditional axiological dominants in Russian culture as the foundations of the life of Russian society and Russian statehood as a whole. It is concluded that the linguistic representation of confessional-conditioned cultural values and their consolidation in the confessional memory of generations is a special mechanism for preserving the ethnocultural and spiritual identity of the people. It is shown that the so-called. "Cultural" globalization as an extralinguistic factor is currently in Western societies a process of gradual destruction of national, traditional and confessional values, which results in a significant change in semantics, denotative image and semantic code in the interpretation of some linguistic phenomena that represent the national axiological fund. The practical value of the presented material and observations lies in the possibility of its application in the practice of teaching university courses in language theory, ethnolinguistics, sociolinguistics, cultural linguistics, linguoconfessionology and intercultural communication.

Tibet has an important strategic and economic position. It is the birthplace of most of the region's largest rivers, which nourish Asia's agriculture and industry. For India, this is the frontier where peace is the guarantee of tranquility on its northern border. For China, this is a state territory where Chinese law and order must operate. The guarantor of social reforms, stability and security in Tibet of 1950s was the coherence of actions of Chinese and Indian power circles and working out joint solution regarding Tibet. China's exclusion of India from managing the territory of Tibet caused a series of armed clashes. Their subsequent escalation led to the Tibetan Uprising of March 1959 and the escape of Dalai Lama XIV and a large number of Tibetans to India. These events brought to naught the possibility of peaceful settlement of the Tibetan problem for a long time.

The study discusses the issues related to the legitimate opportunities of a person conducting an investigation for obtaining evidence and other information about an objective element of illegal deprivation of liberty, a criminal committed illegal deprivation of liberty, and the mechanism of this crime within the forensic stage when an authorized person initiates criminal procedure. The paper describes the concept and structure of a forensic stage. The authors propose a set of investigative procedures and other procedural steps (having explanations and samples for comparative studies; discovery of documents and things, their seizure; forensic examination; crime scene investigation, examination of documents, things, corpses, inspection) that will allow the inspection body to obtain evidence and other forensic information as well as make an informed decision on initiating criminal proceedings because of the illegal deprivation of liberty.

Appeal is the main way for the participants of the defense to defend their rights, since it allows the defender to challenge illegal procedural actions (inaction) and decisions of officials in the implementation of criminal pro-ceedings. Of particular interest is Part 5 of Article 165 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Fed-eration, which fixes cases when investigative actions can be carried out without judicial sanction, limited only by the decision of the investigator or inquirer in circumstances that do not allow postponement. The current version of Part 5 of Article 165 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation does not provide for the pro-cedure for the participation of defense counsel and other interested persons in a court hearing when deciding on the legality or illegality of an investigative action that brooks no delay, such explanations are given exclu-sively in Resolution No. 19 of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. In this regard, the author considers it appropriate to include in Article 165 of the Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Federa-tion the requirements for clarification of the right to participate in the court session devoted to the issue of estab-lishing the legality or illegality of the investigative action to the defense counsel, suspect, accused and other interested parties.

The article examines the protection of the rights of entrepreneurs as participants in criminal proceedings. It is emphasized that prosecutor's supervision over the observance of human and civil rights and freedoms is one of the components of the system of state protection of entrepreneurs' rights. As part of the study, particular at-tention is paid to such key procedural categories as "functions of the prosecutor" and "powers of the prosecu-tor", on the basis of which the role in the context of ensuring the rights of entrepreneurs in criminal proceedings is formulated. A detailed analysis of the peculiarities of the procedural position of the prosecutor and its influ-ence on ensuring the rights of entrepreneurs in criminal proceedings is offered. It is noted that the question of whether there are signs that allow a person to be classified as a business entity arises even in pre-trial proceed-ings, which necessitates the adoption in each specific case of a procedural decision on the recognition of a person as a business entity. Conclusion dwells upon the fact that it is the prosecutor who should resolve the issue of attributing a person to the subjects of entrepreneurial activity.

In the course of the research the author studied the state of the road network of the Black Sea coast of the Cau-casus, considered the issues of maritime communication in the context of the Russian Company of Navigation and Trade, the Black Sea coastal rowing flotilla, the peculiarities of postal and telegraphic communication with the nearest territories, with the administrative center of the Caucasus – Tiflis and the Kuban – Ekaterinodar. The article concludes that the poor condition, and in some areas the complete absence of communication routes, ensured the logistic isolation of the coast; the south-east was particularly affected. With the absolute superiority of the Turkish fleet on the Black Sea, the problem of poor communications could have negative consequences during the conduct of hostilities, under such conditions, Turkish landing operations posed a special danger.

This article is devoted to the study of linguoecological problems of modern educational media. The study material is presented by articles from Russian, British and American media of the beginning of the 21st century, selected by a continuous sample of lexical and phraseological units from the entire variety of educational media texts. The purpose of the work is realized using a set of methods: descriptive method, interpretive analysis, lexical-semantic analysis, lexical-grammatical analysis, stylistic analysis, content analysis, elements of discursive analysis. The relevance of the studied problem is determined by the increasing interest in the anthropological approach in media communication, the importance of studying the roles of the teacher and student in the media educational space, the need to establish linguoecological norms, solve linguoecological problems in the educational media resource of Russia, the USA, and Great Britain. As a result of the analysis of educational media, the existence of five main problems was revealed: 1) destruction, fixing negative language means and negative emotions, 2) deecologization, reflecting a violation of the nature of communication, 3) deformation within the framework of communicative and personal/interpersonal processes, 4) degradation of the communicative personality and communication itself, 5) dehumanization in the social interaction of communicants. As the analysis of the actual material showed, the desire for creative communication in the educational media resource demonstrates the creative self-realization of communicants and generates negative communication, destructive discursive and social processes. It has been established that it is necessary to strengthen actions to ensure the linguistic security of the educational media space to achieve the quality, ethical conditioning, environmental friendliness of media in the field of educational activities in Russian, American and British linguocultures.

The article considers the issue of correlation of the following criminal-law categories: criminal-law impact, pe-nal measures, criminal liability, other measures of criminal and legal nature. Having investigated them using the method of lexical analysis, by formulating his own definition of measures of criminal-legal nature, defining their signs and system, the author comes to the reasonable conclusion that the criminal law impact is repre-sented by many types, including penal law, implemented by means of measures of criminal-legal nature, en-shrined in the criminal law, law enforcement acts, etc. Measures of a criminal law are expressed by criminal liability and other measures of a criminal-legal nature, the specific features of which are their non-punitive na-ture and the absence of interrelation with criminal liability (with the rare exception of cases of their simultane-ous practical realization), which allows to distinguish them in the system by means of criminal-legal coercion.

The article analyzes the current threats to Russia's national security and ways to resolve them. As part of the research, special attention is paid to the interpretation of economic security as one of the types of national se-curity. Various approaches to the definition of this term are considered, which allowed to identify the categories characterizing it: growth of economic performance, independence, competitiveness, import substitution. Eco-nomic security is a multifaceted and very complex concept. Conclusion dwells upon the impossibility to break the link between this and other types of security in order to ensure the achievement of any one at the expense of the rest. It is emphasized that in modern geopolitical conditions the achievement of economic security is re-alized through the implementation of import substitution policy, reorientation of the national economy of the country to the East, revision of legislative documents in this area, including in terms of clarifying the conceptual framework. The author's recommendations on the intensification of government efforts to normalize the situa-tion in the Russian economy and achieve the indicators of national security of the country are presented.

The paper examines issues relating to violations of the Criminal Procedure Code in law enforcement practice, their types, the issues of reversal of court decisions on appeal when significant inconsistencies are found. The article explores theoretical and practical aspects of violations of criminal procedural legislation, which entails the inadmissibility of evidence. Based on judicial practice and scientific research, the author considers various types of violations, such as illegal searches, wrongful seizure of evidence, violation of interrogation rules and others. It is emphasized that the problem of reliability and admissibility of evidence in criminal proceedings is quite relevant. In the course of court proceedings it is not uncommon that evidence available in the case was obtained with violations of the law. Based on judicial practice and scientific research, the author considers vari-ous types of violations, such as illegal search, illegal seizure of evidence, non-compliance with the rules of in-terrogation and others. It is emphasized that the problem of reliability and admissibility of evidence in criminal proceedings is quite relevant. In the course of court proceedings it is not uncommon that evidence available in the case was obtained with violations of the law. Conclusion is that the ability to correctly apply the existing le-gal norms in the process of preparation of evidence is the basis for the rapid disclosure of the case and its submission to the court.

The article analyzes the history of the 'eternal spring' formula before Yegor Letov, as well as the reception of the video for that song in Dmitry Danilov's poem "Eternal Spring in Solitary Confinement". The author for the first time in Russian literature analyzes the history and content of the 'eternal spring' image, dating back to Ovid, and clarifies the stable semantics of this formula as a designation of the topos of the earthly Paradise (or the time of the Golden Age). The author also considers the reception of Letov's song "Eternal Spring" in an intermedial aspect: based on a fan clip (2010), edited from Artur Aristakisyan's film Ladoni (Palms, 1994), and a poem by Dmitry Danilov (2014), in which the clip, and the song became starting points for thinking about the Russian people. The title of Danilov's text, "Eternal Spring in Solitary Confinement", emphasizes the semantics of imprisonment, which will be fully realized in the novel Sasha, privet! (Sasha, hello!, 2021). Thus, the history of the use and rethinking of the 'eternal spring' formula from Ovid (characteristic of the Golden Age) to Danilov (characteristic of the Russian people) is traced.

The article reveals the specifics of strategic planning, assessment and monitoring of national youth policies in European countries. The national models of youth policy are identified according to a number of criteria (explication of youth and its transition into adulthood, the system of social security). Youth policy measures implemented by countries in response to the COVID-19 crisis are characterized. The article describes the quality standards of national youth strategies proposed by international organizations (OECD) and the initiatives of different countries in formulating, implementing, and controlling programs and plans for the development of the youth sphere. National youth strategies are cross-sectoral, integrated, and focus on different policy areas. Intersectoral cooperation ensures integration and rational coordination of actions in the framework of youth policy. The sustainability and effectiveness of policy depend on the systematic collection of data disaggregated by age and the integration of youth studies into the development and decision-making process. The effectiveness of youth policy monitoring is ensured through the clear formulation of control indicators for progress in achieving the set goals in the youth sector. The involvement of various stakeholders, primarily young citizens, at all stages of the political cycle in making decisions on youth issues is a significant factor in an inclusive policy model.

This article examines the organizational practices of the ruling party "United Russia" in the new conditions set by the current epidemiological situation in the Russian Federation related to the global COVID-19 pandemic. The factors that influenced the operational reorganization of the party structures of "United Russia" and its effective functioning during the period of selfisolation and quarantine restrictions in the Russian Federation in the spring-summer of 2020 and the growth of the party's electoral rating on the eve of the Single voting day on September 13 are analyzed. The key factors that determined this reorganization are the digitalization of party structures, interaction with near-party public associations, civil activists, ensuring communication with civil society, as well as ensuring conditions for the productive work of the party apparatus. Features of introduction of innovations in management of the ruling party allowing to provide recruitment of new functionaries and supporters, creation of personnel party elevators are revealed. In the study, official information resources EP, media materials, data of public and expert surveys, conclusions regarding the productivity model transformation of party structures in voluntary charity, the positive impact of this reorganization on the processes of building the party "United Russia". The study of these organizational practices is significant both for representatives of the academic community and for practicing political strategists and political consultants.