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Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Overview: Fiscal Policy and Redistribution -- Introduction -- Budget Size, Social Spending, and Taxation -- Fiscal Policy and Inequality -- Fiscal Policy and the Poor -- The Contribution of Taxes and Transfers -- Education and Health Spending -- Conclusions -- Annex 1A. Fiscal Incidence Analysis: Methodological Highlights from the CEQ Handbook -- Defining Pro-Poorness of Government Spending -- Annex 1B. Data and Assumptions -- Annex 1C. Redistributive Effort: Marginal Contribution of Taxes and Transfers toward Reducing Inequality -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2 Fiscal Incidence in Armenia -- Introduction -- Methods and Approach -- Description of Taxes and Expenditures in Armenia -- Results -- Income Mobility -- Comparisons with Other Incidence Studies in Armenia -- Conclusions -- Annex 2A. Sensitivity Analyses -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 Fiscal Incidence Analysis for Ethiopia -- Introduction -- Structure of Taxes and Spending -- Data Sources and Assumptions -- Overall Impact of Taxes and Spending on Poverty and Inequality -- Progressivity, Marginal Contributions, and Pro-Poorness of Taxes and Transfers -- Conclusion -- Annex 3A. Methodological Assumptions -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4 The Distributional Impact of Fiscal Policy in Georgia -- Introduction -- Fiscal Instruments to Tackle Poverty and Inequality -- Methodology, Data, and Assumptions -- Main Results -- Concluding Remarks -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5 The Distributional Impact of Fiscal Policy in Indonesia -- Introduction -- The Government's Fiscal Toolkit -- Data, Assumptions, and Income Concepts -- Results Overview -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 6 The Distributional Impact of Fiscal Policy in Jordan -- Introduction

Mexico and Brazil, both among the region's hardest hit by COVID-19, took strikingly different steps to mitigate the economic impact of the pandemic. Although President Jair Bolsonaro dismissed the need for social distancing measures, the government provided substantial financial aid to citizens though cash transfer programs, avoiding potentially sharp increases in poverty and inequality. Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who also displayed a dismissive attitude about the virus, made relatively little effort to protect the poor and unemployed from its effects, despite his pro-poor rhetoric. As a result, the Mexican economy was projected to contract by 9 percent in 2020, while poverty sharply increased. Rising malnutrition and missed schooling may have long-term consequences for inequality.

As the coronavirus threatened to reverse progress on poverty and inequality, Brazil mitigated the impact with expanded cash transfers. Mexico left its people to fend for themselves.