Suchergebnisse

Wikipedia is an important information source for much of the world. One well-established problem is that editors of Wikipedia are overwhelmingly men. This gender gap in participation has resulted in a concern that the content suffers biases as a result of the bias in participation. This problem is hard to study, because the relationships between participation, gender identity, and content have not been established. Prior studies, mostly with children, have shown some differences in topical preferences based on sex. However, this issue has not been studied with adults and has not been considered from more than a binary stance. In this study, we work to understand how gender identity relates to topical preferences. Through an empirical study, we ask participants to declare a gender identity and then present them with pairs of topical article content from Wikipedia. Through thousands of participants and tens of thousands of paired content trials, we uncover relationships between self-declared gender identity and topical preferences. Further, by focusing on topics that have a statistically significant bias, we leverage two of Wikipedia's category systems to illustrate relative categorical differences that are similar to categorical differences described in prior work. The discussion focuses on the subtly of these differences, potential future research, and the implications for interventions based on topical content. Further, the results help us reflect on relationships that might explain the persistent and worsening gender gap in participation.

Multiple long-term conditions (MLTCs) are influenced in extent and nature by social determinants of health. Few studies have explored associations between household tenure and different definitions of MLTCs. This study aimed to examine associations between household tenure and MLTCs amongst working-age adults (16 to 64 years old, inclusive). This cross-sectional study used the 2019–2020 wave of an innovative dataset that links administrative data across health and local government for residents of a deprived borough in East London. Three definitions of MLTCs were operationalised based on a list of 38 conditions. Multilevel logistic regression models were built for each outcome and adjusted for a range of health and sociodemographic factors. Compared to working-age owner-occupiers, odds of basic MLTCs were 36% higher for social housing tenants and 19% lower for private renters (OR 1.36; 95% CI 1.30–1.42; p < 0.001 and OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.77–0.84, p < 0.001, respectively). Results were consistent across different definitions of MLTCs, although associations were stronger for social housing tenants with physical-mental MLTCs. This study finds strong evidence that household tenure is associated with MLTCs, emphasising the importance of understanding household-level determinants of health. Resources to prevent and tackle MLTCs among working-age adults could be differentially targeted by tenure type.

Research on real-world problems—like restoration of wetlands, the needs of the elderly, effective disaster response and the future of the airline industry—requires expert knowledge from a range of disciplines, as well as from stakeholders affected by the problem and those in a position to do something about it. This book charts new territory in taking a systematic approach to research integration using dialogue methods to bring together multiple perspectives. It links specific dialogue methods to particular research integration tasks. Fourteen dialogue methods for research integration are classified into two groups:

1. Dialogue methods for understanding a problem broadly: integrating judgements

2. Dialogue methods for understanding particular aspects of a problem: integrating visions, world views, interests and values.

The methods are illustrated by case studies from four research areas: the environment, public health, security and technological innovation.

Covid-19 has dealt a devastating economic blow around the world. From individuals who can no longer afford to pay for food, to SMEs unable to cover their rent, to national governments struggling with their balance of payments and skyrocketing health expenditures, the economic impacts of Covid-19 have been sweeping in scope and depth. Although little discussed in the mainstream media, public banks have been on the front lines of dealing with this economic and health crisis, playing a critical role in stemming financial collapse, supporting households and communities, and channeling resources towards essential health and public services. Public banks provide supportive credit, fiscal assistance, expert advice and macro-economic stability in ways that private financial institutions are often unable or unwilling to do. This book offers detailed case studies of public bank actions from around the world, critically examining their policy responses to Covid-19. We identify 'best practices' in dealing with the current crisis as well as highlighting the changes needed to make public banks more equitable, democratic and sustainable in the future.

Covid-19 has once again demonstrated the significance of safe, accessible and affordable water for all. It has also highlighted enormous disparities in service provision while at the same time dealing a blow to public water and sanitation operators around the world due to massive drops in revenues, rapidly rising costs and concerns about health and safety in the workplace. This book provides the first global overview of the response of public water operators to this crisis, shining a light on the complex challenges they face and how they have responded in different contexts. It looks specifically at 'public' water and asks how public ownership and public management have enabled (or not) equitable and democratic emergency services, and how these Covid-19 experiences could contribute to expanded and sustainable forms of public water services in the future.

In elf Beiträgen beschäftigen sich die Autoren des Sammelbandes mit den Ergebnissen der Umweltpolitik in Südafrika unter dem Blickwinkel der Umweltgerechtigkeit in Theorie und Praxis. McDonald unternimmt eine Begriffsklärung, Khan geht den Ursachen des "Umweltrassismus" nach, Dodson untersucht die gemeinsamen Schnittmengen von Ökofeminismus und der Umweltgerechtigkeitsbewegung. Ruiters unternimmt eine Ideologiekritik des Umweltgerechtigkeitsdiskurses; Cock/Fig untersuchen die Politik in den Nationalparks unter dem Aspekt der Umweltgerechtigkeit. Moloi berichtet über die Wirkung des Bergbaus auf die Umwelt, Glazewski diskutiert die rechtliche Verankerung des Umweltgerechtigkeitsgedankens in der neuen demokratischen Ordnung. Bei Peek geht es um die Abfallentsorgung in Durban, bei Bond um die politische Ökonomie von Dammbauten und die Wasserversorgung von Haushalten. Lukey diskutiert die ökologische Plattform der Gewerkschaften und McDonald die Privatisierung städtischer Dienstleistungen. (DÜI-Sbd)

Perspective is a publicly available, machine learning API that can score text for toxicity. It is available for use in online platforms and communities to limit toxicity and promote civil dialogue. In this work, we adopt a human-centered approach to evaluating Perspective by investigating if human ratings of toxicity align with Perspective's toxicity scores. We also test its transferability by making this comparison for comments from three platforms that have different commenting styles and moderation strategies: news websites, YouTube, and Twitter. Apart from toxicity, the main attribute, we collect participant ratings for three additional attributes: respectfulness, formality, and presence of stereotypes. While disrespect is part of how Perspective defines toxicity, formality and presence of stereotypes were included in the study to explore if they could be hidden/latent attributes that affect toxicity scores from Perspective. We analyzed how participant ratings for these additional attributes vary with respect to Perspective's toxicity score for comments from each platform. We find that for high toxicity scores, Perspective strongly aligns with participant ratings of toxicity and disrespectfulness across all three platforms, providing weak evidence of its transferability. However, our evaluation also surfaced formality and presence of stereotypes as latent attributes that are unrecognized parts of Perspective's scores. We discuss how and why this evaluation is "human-centered," the importance of conducting such evaluations, and implications of these results for content moderation in social platforms.