Suchergebnisse

The article is devoted to the history of the settlement of the Pripyat Polesye in the 1st millennium AD. The main attention is paid to the monuments of the first half of the 1st millennium AD, their dating and cultural identity. It is noted that at present the source study base does not allow to reliably "make ancient" the Slavic Prague culture in the Pripyat Polesie until the IV century. and associate it with the monuments of the post-Zarubinets circle. At the end of the III century BC tribes of the Zarubintsy culture came to the territory of Pripyat Polesye. This is the period of decline of the previous Milograd culture (VIII – III centuries BC). The "Milograd" features undoubtedly gave their specific features to the material culture of the Polesie Zarubintsy. By the middle of the 1st century. Zarubinets culture in Pripyat Polesie ceased to exist. It was believed that between the Zarubintsy culture and the Prague Slavic culture of the 5th–7th centuries there is a chronological gap.

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Libertarianism as a political ideology and movement has garnered big curiosity in American political discourse in recent years. This support was further solidified with the achievement of getting the most votes ever in the history of the Libertarian Party, in 2016 U.S. presidential election. This research paper thoroughly examines the characteristics, main concepts and criticism of the ideology by continuously providing detailed outlook on the important libertarian notions and elaborating the discussed ideas through carefully-thought, case by case examples. The scientific work is multidimensional and multifaceted in its scope, and contains arguments with their counter-arguments to depict a broad, rational picture. Thus, the reader can see, fathom and compare the shortcomings and advantages of the talked ideas more effectively.Libertarian philosophy gives huge importance to the notions of liberty, freedom and individualism. Apart from this, another common thing that brings all libertarians together is their lack of trust to the government. Hence they always aspire to limit the role of it. Libertarians always emphasize the importance of free markets and vigorously express their discontent with any outside intervention to it, especially the one by the government. There are many different forms of libertarianism, some of them are more radical and support no-state structure. Libertarians, in principle, are not really concerned with inequality; they actually consider it positive to some extent. Although on the surface level the rationale behind many libertarian ideas seems reasonable and convincing, the empirical evidence and analyzing the results of actions which occur as the direct implementation of these principles show the necessity of a more comprehensive and accommodating approach. As society, economy and governing are so interconnected and intertwined with each other, certain actions have unintended consequences and in long term may yield destructive effect. The empirical reality should be taken into account in order to formulate effective policies for the benefit of the people. ; Лібертаріанство як політична ідеологія і рух в останні роки викликає великий інтерес в американському політичному співтоваристві. Цей інтерес ще більше зміцнився з отриманням лібертаріанською партією на президентських виборах в США в 2016 році найбільшої кількості голосів у своїй історії. У цій статті докладно розглядаються характеристики, основні концепції лібертаріанства, дається критика ідеології, огляд основних лібертаріанському понять, аналіз обговорюваних ідей за допомогою ретельно продуманих конкретних прикладів. Це дослідження багатогранне і багатоаспектне за своєю структурою і містить докази і контрдокази, щоб зобразити широку реальну картину розвитку лібертаріанства. В результаті читач може більш ефективно побачити, зрозуміти і порівняти недоліки і переваги обговорюваних ідей. Філософія лібертаріанство надає виняткового значення поняттям свободи, волі й індивідуалізму. Крім цього, є ще одна спільна риса, яка об'єднує всіх лібертаріанців, – це відсутність довіри до уряду. Саме тому вони завжди прагнуть обмежити його роль. Лібертаріанці підкреслюють важливість вільного ринку і рішуче висловлюють своє невдоволення будь-яким втручанням у нього ззовні, особливо з боку уряду. Є безліч різних форм лібертаріанства, деякі з них більш радикальні і підтримують недержавні структури. Лібертаріанців насправді практично не хвилює нерівність, вони дійсно вважають це до певної міри позитивним. На поверхневому рівні логічне обґрунтування багатьох лібертаріанських ідей здається розумним і переконливим, проте емпіричні дані й аналіз результатів дій, які відбуваються при безпосередньому застосуванні цих принципів, показують необхідність всеосяжного і гнучкого підходу. Оскільки суспільство, економіка й управління тісно взаємопов'язані і переплетені між собою, певні дії тут можуть мати непередбачені наслідки і в довгостроковій перспективі виробляти руйнівний ефект. Щоби сформулювати ефективну політику в інтересах людей, слід брати до уваги соціальну реальність.

The study of Russia's foreign policy poses something of a paradox. On the one hand, Russia's actions are viewed as aimed at revising the existing rules-based order built by the end of the Cold War. On the other hand, on numerous occasions, one pinpoints that Russia has devised a language similar to the Western nations to justify its foreign policy. I call the phenomenon that explains this paradox the game of interpretation. The article illustrates how Russia is engaged in the game of interpretation with the West in the post-Cold War order by Russia's appliance to the norm of humanitarian interventions. By analyzing the Russian discourse during the Russo-Georgian War (2008), I demonstrate how the Russian foreign policy leadership reproduces similar narrative patterns used by the West during the Kosovo War (1999). Exemplifying the game of interpretation by humanitarian interventionism is not accidental. Humanitarian interventionism is studied in the literature as being characteristic of the Western 'ethical foreign policy' originated by the end of the Cold War, with Russia being depicted as either skeptical or as an unequivocal opponent of such an approach in world politics. Methodologically, the work builds on quantitative and qualitative analysis of selected texts compiled from the archives of NATO and the US State Department, as well as the website "Kremlin.ru" and the website of the Russian Foreign Ministry.

The article is devoted to the thematic collection of books of the Cyrillic font of the XVII – early XX century, stored in the Department of Historical and Cultural Heritage of the Irkutsk Regional Library named after I. I. MolchanovSibirsky. The library staff formed this collection by means of identifying books from the general book storage, donations and purchases from private individuals in the period from 1976 to 2018. It presents data about the history of the collection formation, the main sources and stages of books receipt, the characteristic of its current state: number, analysis by year, place and type of publication. Particular attention is paid to books acquired at the end of XIX – early XX century. Circumstances of the pre-revolutionary library stock formation (until 1920 – the Irkutsk City Public Library) and books of the Cyrillic font purchased during this period are considered. Books accepted according to the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of 1918 «On the order of requisition of libraries, book warehouse and books in general» are analyzed. On the example of books belonging to the library of the Irkutsk Ascension Monastery, the role of preserved ownership and dedicatory inscriptions in the study of the history of this library and the history of the individual specimens is considered. Descriptions of the four versions of the monastery library bookplates and some inscriptions with notes about the receipt history of books are provided. Inscriptions on four editions of the XVIII century are examined in detail as examples of books with the unique history. Texts of inscriptions are reproduced in the original orthography (excepting obsolete letters). All books are associated with famous personalities in the history of the region and Russia as a whole. Among them: the Bishop of Irkutsk and Nerchinsk, Saint Sophronius (Kristalevsky; 1703–1771), Hieromonk Herman, etc. The article is an interim result of a two-year study and description of the collection. The result of the work will be the release of a printed catalog.

Eastern Mediterranean should be associated with a deep internal degeneration, a change in the military-administrative structure (the thematic system, exarchates, the reform of Heraclius), as well as the medievalization of culture. The state system of the empire did not undergo any fundamental changes, and the Christian church firmly blended into public life even in the framework of late antiquity

The paper reviews the current EU policy on irregular migration under the influence of refugee crisis. This crisis urged the EU to streamline and consolidate all the available legal, political and administrative tools to reach the synergy effect in the management of immigration flows into the EU. However the main weakness of the EU approach appears to be the dependence on the opportunities and interests of the third countries (of origin and transit of irregular migrants) to cooperate effectively with the EU institutions and Member-states in such key spheres as fight against migrant smuggling, security of external borders, implementation of readmission agreements, asylum policy. The author evaluates the state of progress on the main Mediterranean migration routes since the beginning of the migration crisis in 2014, analyses some recent EU initiatives, particularly the EU NAVFOR MED Operation Sophia and the new Partnership Framework with third countries under the European Agenda on Migration. In conclusion, the author attempts to assess the effects of these actions.