Suchergebnisse

War and massacre / Thomas Nagel -- Utilitarianism and the rules of war / R.B. Brandt -- Rules of war and moral reasoning / R.M. Hare -- Political action : the problem of dirty hands / Michael Walzer -- World War II : Why was this war different? / Michael Walzer -- Responsibility for crimes of war / Sanford Levinson -- The relevance of Nuremberg / Richard Wasserstrom -- Selective conscientious objection and the Gillette decision / David Malament.

Supercritical geothermal systems are appealing sources of sustainable and carbon-free energy located in volcanic areas. Recent successes in drilling and exploration have opened new possibilities and spiked interest in this technology. Experimental and numerical studies have also confirmed the feasibility of creating fluid conducting fractures in sedimentary and crystalline rocks at high temperature, paving the road towards Enhanced Supercritical Geothermal Systems. Despite their attractiveness, several important questions regarding safe exploitation remain open. We dedicate this manuscript to the first thermo-hydro-mechanical numerical study of a doublet geothermal system in supercritical conditions. Here we show that thermally-induced stress and strain effects dominate the geomechanical response of supercritical systems compared to pore pressure-related instabilities, and greatly enhance seismicity during cold water re-injection. This finding has important consequences in the design of Supercritical Geothermal Systems. ; The contribution of F.P. is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) - project number PA 3451/1-1 and by the GEMex project, which is supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 programme for Research and Innovation under grant agreement No 727550. V.V. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme through the Starting Grant GEoREST, grant agreement No. 801809 (http://www.georest.eu). The contribution of W.W. is funded by the Advanced Earth System Modelling Capacity (ESM) project by the Helmholtz Association. ; Peer reviewed

Ethical concepts are, or purport to be, normative. They make claims on us: they command, oblige, recommend, or guide. Or at least when we invoke them, we make claims on one another; but where does their authority over us - or ours over one another - come from? Christine Korsgaard identifies four accounts of the source of normativity that have been advocated by modern moral philosophers: voluntarism, realism, reflective endorsement, and the appeal to autonomy. She traces their history, showing how each developed in response to the prior one and comparing their early versions with those on the contemporary philosophical scene. Kant's theory that normativity springs from our own autonomy emerges as a synthesis of the other three, and Korsgaard concludes with her own version of the Kantian account. Her discussion is followed by commentary from G. A. Cohen, Raymond Geuss, Thomas Nagel, and Bernard Williams, and a reply by Korsgaard.

Frontmatter -- Brief Book Overview -- Acknowledgments -- Table of Contents -- Instead of an Introduction: Scanlon's Project -- Deontological Communitarianism. Laudation for Thomas M. Scanlon -- Contractualism and Justification -- Justification Fundamentalism: A Discourse-Theoretical Interpretation of Scanlon's Contractualism -- On How to Explain Rational Motivation: Where Internalism and Externalism Meet -- Moral Reality and Moral Progress -- Equality of Opportunity and Justified Inequalities: How the Family Can Be on Equality's Side -- Improving Scanlon's Contractualism -- Substantive Responsibility and the Causal Thesis -- Responses to Forst, Mantel, Nagel, Olsaretti, Parfit, and Stemplowska -- Words of Thanks -- Contributors -- Index

Frontmatter -- CONTENTS -- Introduction -- PART I. THE CHALLENGE OF SKEPTICISM -- Moral Skepticism and International Relations -- PART II. MORALITY AND THE RULES OF WAR -- War and Massacre -- Conventions and the Morality of War -- War and Innocence -- Self-Defense and the Killing of Noncombatants: A Reply to Fullinwider -- PART III. DETERRENCE ETHICS -- Missiles and Morals: A Utilitarian Look at Nuclear Deterrence -- Doubts About Unilateral Nuclear Disarmament -- Disarmament Revisited: A Reply to Kavka and Hardin -- PART IV. THE MORAL STATUS OF THE NATION-STATE -- The Rights of Political Communities (excerpts from Just and Unjust Wars) -- Just War and Human Rights -- The Moral Standing of States: A Response to Four Critics -- The Romance of the Nation-State -- PART V. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIANISM AND DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE -- Famine, Affluence, and Morality -- Lifeboat Earth -- Justice and International Relations -- The Contributors

In this important collection of writings, leading legal and political thinkers address a wide array of issues that confront societies undergoing a transition to democratic rule. Bridging the gap between theory and practice in international human rights law and policy, the contributors continue discussions that were begun with the late Argentine philosopher-lawyer Carlos Santiago Nino, then extend those conversations in new directions inspired by their own and Nino's work.The book focuses on some of the key questions that confront the international human rights movement today. What is the moral justification for the concept and content of universal human rights? What is the relationship among nation-building, constitutionalism, and democracy? What are the political implications for a conception of universal human rights? What is the relationship between moral principles and political practice? How should a society confront what Kant called radical evil? And how does a successor regime justly and practically hold a prior regime accountable for gross violations of human rights?

Recent studies show that several tree species are spreading to higher latitudes and elevations due to climate change. European beech, presently dominating from the colline to the subalpine vegetation belt, is already present in upper montane subalpine forests and has a high potential to further advance to higher elevations in European mountain forests, where the temperature is predicted to further increase in the near future. Although essential for adaptive silviculture, it remains unknown whether the upward shift of beech could be assisted when it is mixed with Norway spruce or silver fir compared with mono-specific stands, as the species interactions under such conditions are hardly known. In this study, we posed the general hypotheses that the growth depending on age of European beech in mountain forests was similar in mono-specific and mixed-species stands and remained stable over time and space in the last two centuries. The scrutiny of these hypotheses was based on increment coring of 1240 dominant beech trees in 45 plots in mono-specific stands of beech and in 46 mixed mountain forests. We found that (i) on average, mean tree diameter increased linearly with age. The age trend was linear in both forest types, but the slope of the age–growth relationship was higher in mono-specific than in mixed mountain forests. (ii) Beech growth in mono-specific stands was stronger reduced with increasing elevation than that in mixed-species stands. (iii) Beech growth in mono-specific stands was on average higher than beech growth in mixed stands. However, at elevations > 1200 m, growth of beech in mixed stands was higher than that in mono-specific stands. Differences in the growth patterns among elevation zones are less pronounced now than in the past, in both mono-specific and mixed stands. As the higher and longer persisting growth rates extend the flexibility of suitable ages or size for tree harvest and removal, the longer-lasting growth may be of special relevance for multi-aged silviculture concepts. On top of their function for structure and habitat improvement, the remaining old trees may grow more in mass and value than assumed so far. ; The authors would like to acknowledge networking support by the COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) Action CLIMO (Climate-Smart Forestry in Mountain Regions—CA15226) financially supported by the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation HORIZON 2020. This publication is part of a project that has received funding from the European Union's HORIZON 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No 778322. Thanks are also due to the European Union for funding the project 'Mixed species forest management. Lowering risk, increasing resilience (REFORM)' (# 2816ERA02S under the framework of Sumforest ERA-Net). Further, we would like to thank the Bayerische Staatsforsten (BaySF) for providing the observational plots and to the Bavarian State Ministry of Food, Agriculture, and Forestry for permanent support of the Project W 07 'Long-term experimental plots for forest growth and yield research' (#7831-26625-2017). We also thank the Forest Research Institute, ERTI Sárvár, Hungary, for assistance and for providing observational plots. Furthermore, our work was partially supported by the SRDA via Project No. APVV-16-0325 and APVV-15-0265, the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland, the Project "EVA4.0" No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000803 funded by OP RDE and the Project J4-1765 funded by the Slovenian Research Agency and also by the Bulgarian National Science Fund (BNSF) and the Project No. DCOST 01/3/19.10.2018.