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According to current Chinese views, in 1949 China was liberated from three major evils: feudalism, imperialism and bureaucratic capitalism. The present article takes a closer look at the relationship between the two last mentioned. The period chosen is the early and mid 1930s, which was marked by growing tensions between the powers in East Asia, by acute economic depression and subsequent recovery, and by the gradual extension of the Nanjing Government's control over the country. On the foreigner's side, the focus will be on the British experience at a time when Great Britain's political position in the Far East was being overshadowed by Japan's thrust towards hegemony. It will be argued, the widening gap between Britain's political and economic presence in China was partly bridged by increasingly close co-operation between British business and the Chinese ruling elite.

When in August 1933 the German Minister to China, Dr Oskar P. Trautmann, reported to Berlin, 'daβ die Völkerbundsmelodie politisch hier ausgespielt hat', he had jumped to a conclusion too soon. When two years later the Journal Round Table commented, 'to-day the League of Nations is no longer a political factor in the Far East', this assessment was vindicated by evidence of every description. The two years between had witnessed the peak and decline of the League of Nation's 'technical co-operation' with the National Government of China. This episode plays its part as one of the major accomplishments of the League during the dismal second decade of its existence. It figures, however, only marginally in the history of twentieth-century China. Western works on modern Chinese history tend to neglect it altogether, and the most comprehensive scholarly treatment of China's foreign relations during the Republican period does not even deem it worth a reference in passing. On the other hand, the one authoritative textbook on modern Chinese economic history published in the People's Republic of China devotes ample space to the denunciation of the League's Chinese enterprise.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- I. Introduction: Looking to the East -- Asia's "Decline"-Europe's Arrogance -- The Great Map of Mankind -- The Power of Discourse, the Burden of Learning -- Sensing and Constructing Difference -- Spaces -- Epochs -- PATHWAYS OF KNOWLEDGE -- II. Asia and Europe: Borders, Hierarchies, Equilibria -- Asia and Europe in the Tsarist Empire -- The Ottoman Empire: European Great Power or Barbarian at the Gates? -- Asia: The Preeminent Continent? -- Character and Encyclopedia -- European Primacy and Provincialism -- III. Changing Perspectives -- Cultural Transfer and Colonialism -- Theories of Ethnocentrism -- Competition and Comparison -- Discursive Justice -- Chinese Interviews, Indian Letters -- Niebuhr's Monkey -- IV. Traveling -- Sir John Malcolm's Dinner Party -- A Weeping Mandarin -- Sea and Land -- East Asia: Walled Empires -- South Asia and Southeast Asia: Porous Borders -- The Near East: A Pilgrimage to Antiquity -- Adventurers and Renegades -- Scholars and Administrators -- V. Encounters -- Ordeals, Disappointments, Catastrophes -- The Mysterious Mister Manning -- Interpreters and Dialogues -- Language Barriers -- Mimesis and Deception -- A Sociology of Perception -- VI. Eyewitnesses-Earwitnesses: Experiencing Asia -- Giants and Unicorns -- Prejudices and Preconceptions -- Autopsy -- Before the Tribunal of Philosophy -- Methods of the Inquisitive Class -- Hearing and Hearsay -- Local Knowledge: Asiatic Scholarship in European Texts -- VII. Reporting, Editing, Reading: From Lived Experience to Printed Text -- The Travel Account as a Tool of Inquiry -- Style and Truth -- Anthologies, Collages, Mega-Narratives -- The Task of the Translator -- Topicality and Canonicity -- Traces of Reading -- Arts of Reading -- Fractured Representation -- THE PRESENT AND THE PAST

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- CONTENTS -- Preface -- Introduction -- PART ONE: APPROACHES -- I Memory and Self­Observation: The Perpetuation of the Nineteenth Century -- 1 Visibility and Audibility -- 2 Treasuries of Memory and Knowledge -- 3 Observation, Description, Realism -- 4 Numbers -- 5 News -- 6 Photography -- II Time: When Was the Nineteenth Century? -- 1 Chronology and the Coherence of the Age -- 2 Calendar and Periodization -- 3 Breaks and Transitions -- 4 The Age of Revolution, Victorianism, Fin de Siècle -- 5 Clocks and Acceleration -- III Space: Where Was the Nineteenth Century? -- 1 Space and Time -- 2 Metageography: Naming Spaces -- 3 Mental Maps: The Relativity of Spatial Perspective -- 4 Spaces of Interaction: Land and Sea -- 5 Ordering and Governing Space -- 6 Territoriality, Diaspora, Borders -- Part Two : Panoramas -- IV Mobilities -- 1 Magnitudes and Tendencies -- 2 Population Disasters and the Demographic Transition -- 3 The Legacy of Early Modern Migrations: Creoles and Slaves -- 4 Penal Colony and Exile -- 5 Ethnic Cleansing -- 6 Internal Migration and the Changing Slave Trade -- 7 Migration and Capitalism -- 8 Global Motives -- V Living Standards: Risk and Security in Material Life -- 1 The Standard of Living and the Quality of Life -- 2 Life Expectancy and "Homo hygienicus" -- 3 Medical Fears and Prevention -- 4 Mobile Perils, Old and New -- 5 Natural Disasters -- 6 Famine -- 7 Agricultural Revolutions -- 8 Poverty and Wealth -- 9 Globalized Consumption -- VI Cities: European Models and Worldwide Creativity -- 1 The City as Norm and Exception -- 2 Urbanization and Urban Systems -- 3 Between Deurbanization and Hypergrowth -- 4 Specialized Cities, Universal Cities -- 5 The Golden Age of Port Cities -- 6 Colonial Cities, Treaty Ports, Imperial Metropolises -- 7 Internal Spaces and Undergrounds.

Sechzehn Autorinnen und Autoren aus Deutschland, der Schweiz, Großbritannien, Irland und den USA behandeln in systematisch aufeinander bezogenen Fallstudien den vielgestaltigen Komplex der >Zivilisierungsmissionzivilisierend< gemeinten Intervention der USA in Südostasien in den 1960er Jahren

Intro -- I. Disziplingeschichtliche Verortungen -- Internationale Beziehungen als Gegenstand der deutschen Neuzeit-Historiographie seit dem 18. Jahrhundert. Eine Traditionskritik in Grundzügen und Beispielen -- Die französische Schule der Geschichte internationaler Beziehungen -- Britische Traditionen internationaler Geschichtsschreibung -- Die lange Krise der amerikanischen Diplomatiegeschichte und ihr Ende -- II. Themenfelder Und Deutungsaspekte -- Internationale Geschichte als Systemgeschichte. Strukturen und Handlungsmuster im europäischen Staatensystem des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts -- Zwischen Staatenwelt und Gesellschaftswelt. Die gesellschaftliche Dimension internationaler Geschichte -- Selektive Wahrnehmung und politisches Handeln: internationale Beziehungen im Perzeptionsparadigma -- Mentalitäten, Vorstellungen und internationale Beziehungen -- Entscheidungsprozesse in der internationalen Geschichte. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einer kulturwissenschaftlichen Fundierung außenpolitischer Entscheidungsmodelle -- Das deutsche Militär und die europäische Politik vor 1914: Vorrang der Außenpolitik oder Primat des internationalen Systems? -- Internationale Geschichte und Historische Friedensforschung -- Völkerrechtsgeschichte: Hauptrichtungen, Tendenzen, Perspektiven -- Raumbeziehungen. Internationale Geschichte, Geopolitik und historische Geographie -- Internationale Geschichte und europäische Expansion: Die Imperialismen des 19. Jahrhunderts -- III. Perspektiven -- Integration als Problem internationaler Geschichte -- Regionale, nationale und europäische Identität. Überlegungen zum Wandel europäischer Staatlichkeit -- Internationale Umweltgeschichte -- Internationale Geschichte, Globalisierung und die Pluralität der Kulturen.