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Introduction: The monopoly status of the National Health Insurance Fund in Bulgaria is considered to be a major problem of the healthcare system in the country. The absence of a right of the citizens to choose a fund for social health insurance (SHI) is perceived as a weakness of the system itself. Taking this into account, all major political parties prioritize the demonopolisation of the NHIF.The aim of this study is to address the question whether the absence of free choice of a SHI fund could be a shortcoming of the healthcare system.Material and methods: A comparative analysis of the SHI systems across Europe has been performed. Based on information from the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, countries are classified into two groups: 1. countries with absence of a free choice of a SHI fund, and 2. countries where people are free to choose the insurer. Data on countries` population, health expenditure, and citizens` satisfaction with the health systems is extracted from the Eurostat Database and the Health Consumer Powerhouse index for 2017.Results: Sixteen EU countries have a SHI system. Citizens have no right to choose a SHI fund in 11 of them (group 1). Eight of the group 1 countries and one of the group 2 countries have a population of under 10 million. In 2015, health expenditure per capita varied between 865 PPP€ (in Romania) and 4 131 PPP€ (in France) in the 1st group and between 1612 PPP€ (Slovakia) and 4 113 PPP€ (Germany) in the second group. SHI expenditure as a share of total health expenditure varies widely within the two groups as well. In both groups, there are highly ranged health systems according to the European Health Consumer Index for 2017 with a total score above 700.Conclusion: The free choice of a SHI fund does not seem to influence either the health expenditure size and structure or citizens satisfaction with the health system. The monopoly status of the NHIF in Bulgaria cannot be perceived as an immediate and ultimate shortcoming of the healthcare system and the search for the causes of ineffectiveness and poor performance of the system should take a more complex approach.

This paper identifies the various channels that give rise to a "sovereign-bank nexus" whereby the financial health of banks and sovereigns is intertwined. We find that banks and sovereigns are linked by three interacting channels: banks hold large amounts of sovereign debt; banks are protected by government guarantees; and the health of banks and governments affect and is affected by economic activity. Evidence suggests that all three channels are relevant. The paper concludes with a discussion of the policy implications of these findings.

The article presents a conceptual and methodological analysis of xenophobia study in social sciences. In order to investigate the phenomenon of xenophobia, the authors propose to use the methodology of constructive realism that makes it possible to substantiate the social nature of criteria for defining the "outsiders" and their dynamics. By interpreting xenophobia as a way of organizing social relations based on the antagonistic opposition of "insiders - outsiders," the authors state that this method allows us to control human behavior forming the desired images of "outsiders" in our minds. The implementation of the methodology of constructive realism within the study of xenophobia offers the possibility to distance oneself from the purely psychological and sociobiological approaches dominating in the social cognition, and to consider xenophobia as a sufficiently complex and contradictory social phenomenon that, on the one hand, is one of the ways to protect the identity of an individual and a group of individuals in the unpredictable and dangerous world, and on the other hand, is an element of political technology that constructs the image of an "outsider" for achieving specific goals. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4s4p183