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ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 42, No. 468, 1987: 722-725.

Contemporary international relations witness an ever-increasing tension between the United States and China. In an attempt to capture and conceptualize this trend, a new term was introduced in the IR academic discourse — a 'Cold War 2.0' (or new Cold War). Ambiguous and vague as it is, it may nevertheless be instrumental for the study of certain aspects of contemporary world politics. In particular, it allows one to consider the developments of the Korean Peninsula nuclear issue (KPNI) within the broader framework of emerging US-China confrontation. The first section examines current debates over the 'Cold War 2.0' concept both in Russian and foreign academic literature, and identifies its country-specific interpretations in the United States, Russia and the PRC. The second section shows that, despite its contested and controversial nature, the 'Cold War 2.0' concept provides useful insights on how concrete steps of global and regional actors aimed at enhancing their military capabilities are threatening to turn the Korean Peninsula into the arena of a new bipolar confrontation. In the third section, drawing on the Harvard negotiation model and the experience of 2005 Agreement, the author attempts to identify the zone of potential agreement on the KPNI under new conditions. The author concludes that both the leading powers and the countries of the Korean Peninsula utilize the 'Cold War 2.0' rhetoric to get additional domestic and foreign policy dividends. Thus, the DPRK relies upon the nuclear factor, while the Republic of Korea tries to balance between the great powers and to gain more weight in the international arena by building on the 'medium power' concept. In the long term, such policies are fraught with uncontrolled escalation that could lead to a new full-scale war on the Korean Peninsula.

Composite paleotemperature curves (values of average annual temperature and sea surface temperature) for high and low latitudes of Northern Eurasia have been compiled. Based on them, a model of the climatic history of the Northern Hemisphere in the Mesozoic-Cenozoic was compiled. The relationship of climate variations with other significant geological events — cycles of eccentricity of the Earth's orbit, impact events, inversions of the geomagnetic field is analyzed.

AbstractProsecutors maintain immense power over criminal case processing. Yet, they have not historically been a major target for reforms designed to foster equality and reduce racial disparity in criminal justice outcomes. Using in‐depth interviews with 47 line prosecutors, this study explores how prosecutors think about race in criminal justice, and what they believe their role should be in addressing racial disparities. Results show that prosecutors broadly embrace a colorblind approach to prosecution and argue that race should be disregarded in case processing. Their support for colorblind prosecution is reinforced by race‐neutral cultural scripts that can be linked to the social and operational realities of prosecutors' work environment. These findings suggest that efforts to improve fairness in case processing will be more effective if they are accompanied by widespread prosecutorial culture change. Such efforts may also benefit from the consideration of structural features of the prosecutor's office that currently lead line agents to embrace colorblindness and reject a larger role in alleviating racial disparities.

The article substantiates the author's hypothesis of the fundamental reasons for periodic «ups» in prices for essential food products, including the most recent price jump in the second half of 2020. Both the official assessments of the causes of recurring food price surges and the measures taken by the executive branch to stop and prevent them are subjected to critical analysis. Conclusions and fundamental proposals are formulated aimed at eradicating the systemic causes of price volatility in the domestic food market.

Brief review on the history of translating Russian and foreign classics into the Altai language is given. Altai Republican National Library named after M. V. Chevalkov activity in popularizing literature in the Altai language and increasing reader's interest to the literature in translation is considered.

It is quite clear that man has not been able to legislate war and aggression into defeat or even into retreat, although the in­stitutions which the international community has developed exer­cise some restraints on the use of force.

Turkey considers Tatarstan a sphere of its geopolitical interests in the framework of pan-Turkism concepts. With the collapse of the USSR Ankara began to pursue an active policy in the Volga region, strengthening its influence there. One of the Turkish policies towards Tatarstan became religious expansion. Islamic Jamaat of Turkey sent its missionaries to Tatarstan. This led to the fact that some Muslims of Tatarstan began to focus on Turkey and the spiritually obey Turkish sheikhs. Authorities in Tatarstan treated religious intervention of Turkey in the region favorably. The ideological rapprochement with Turkey was a part of the foreign policy strategy of Tatarstan elite that after gaining independence in the early 1990s saw in Ankara a natural ally. Turkey acted as a "big brother" for Tatarstan. The religious sphere of cooperation was seen as one of the factors bringing the two Turkic republics togather. A huge variety of Turkish islamic jamaats in Tatarstan is due to the fact that Ankara has actively supported the religious expansion in those regions that are a zone of its interests. And often those religious groups that were in opposition to the Turkish authorities inside Turkey, are supported by Ankara outside the country in their missionary work.

With opening of the economy in 1991 and subsequent removal of regulatory and trade barriers, India became an attractive investment (Foreign Direct Investment-FDI) destination. A large number of multinationals have established operations in India to utilise the services of available skilled manpower. Indian tax administration was always perceived to be difficult. The economic liberalisation had created challenges in integrating Indian tax system with the world economy during the adjustment phase. World financial environment had remained depressed since 2008. The actions of the government in the area of taxation laws during 2012 and 2013 with sudden introduction of General Anti-Avoidance Rules (GAAR) including retrospective amendment to law further aggravated the taxation environment specially in the area of international taxation. This badly affected the sentiments of the international investor community. In other words it can be said that the economic liberalization did not match with the tax aggressiveness and that probably led to some major concerns, and impacted ease of doing business. Though the government did take some steps during 2012 and 2013 and further more steps during 2014 and 2015 to soothe the investor sentiment, there are still areas of persisting concern which need to be addressed. Section one, introduction, broadly deals with the concerns of the multinationals in the area of taxation environment. Section two deals with the genesis of the recent crisis in this area and issues involved such as introduction of GAAR, international taxation, retrospective amendment dispute resolution etc. Section three deals with GAAR. Section four deals with various issues involved in the area of international taxation including Permanent Establishment, attribution of profits, transfer pricing, taxation of Information Technology (IT) and Information Technology enabled Services (ITeS) sectors, Advance Pricing Agreements (APAs) and Safe Harbour Rules. While Section five deals with retrospective amendments to the Income Tax Act and Section six deals with various aspects of dispute resolution, section seven deals with attitude of the tax administration. Section eight deals with the recent steps taken to address the taxation issues and section nine contains the conclusions and the areas that still needs to be addressed.