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Immigration is a complex issue that is prominent in today's politics with illegal immigration being the forefront of President Trump's recent policies. In late 2014 complaints from 17 states were filed seeking an injunction and declaratory relief against the executive actions put in place by former president Barack Obama. The Obama project attempted to clear a pathway to citizenship for illegal immigrants that have "a) entered the United States before their 16th birthdays, and (b) had been in the United States continuously for five years, to allow immigrant parents to stay with their children instead of being deported, and to focus the efforts of the Department of Homeland Security on actual threats from illegal immigration. Despite the current administration's effort to overturn the Obama project, there should be an effort to consider the policies that might improve our economy, including the fact that policies should be put in place to welcome immigration, which is what made this country as prosperous as it is.

Immigration is a complex issue that is prominent in today's politics with illegal immigration being the forefront of President Trump's recent policies. In late 2014 complaints from 17 states were filed seeking an injunction and declaratory relief against the executive actions put in place by former president Barack Obama. The Obama project attempted to clear a pathway to citizenship for illegal immigrants that have "a) entered the United States before their 16th birthdays, and (b) had been in the United States continuously for five years, to allow immigrant parents to stay with their children instead of being deported, and to focus the efforts of the Department of Homeland Security on actual threats from illegal immigration. Despite the current administration's effort to overturn the Obama project, there should be an effort to consider the policies that might improve our economy, including the fact that policies should be put in place to welcome immigration, which is what made this country as prosperous as it is.

The first part of this Article will synthesize the key teachings of Pope Francis from his most important statements on economic structures and social justice and situate these teachings within contemporary economic realities and traditional social justice teachings. Part II of this Article will demonstrate that the Pope's teachings on social justice fundamentally reflect the best learning from economists on how to sustain economic growth. Part III of this Article will show that nations that undertake policies to pursue the fundamental tenets of the Pope's teachings (such as minimizing childhood poverty) also perform the best in achieving high human development outcomes for the mass of their citizens. This Article will therefore conclude that the recent teachings of Pope Francis (and the Catholic Church) on the topics of social justice and the environment are fully consistent with the most robust systems of capitalism in the world today as well as with traditional economic thinking, going as far back as Adam Smith. Therefore, legal policymakers (including all branches and agencies of the government) should work to impound the core elements of these teachings to the maximum extent possible to create the most robust and sustainable capitalism possible.

International education, particularly through study abroad experiences, has the potential of preparing students for a globally interconnected world. While challenging, it is necessary to translate aspirations of global citizenship into educational programs and assessing their effectiveness. A necessary step in such process consists in taking a close and critical look at the challenges and possibilities for the development of global citizenship through education abroad. In this paper, I follow a decolonizing autoethnographic approach to explore obstacles for the development of global citizenship through education abroad. If education abroad is to promote global citizenship and character development, I propose a more authentic engagement with the local culture s and a better understanding of globalization — before going abroad — is necessary.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to give an overview of the complexities and unexpected regulatory requirements for obtaining approval of multinational and multicentre non-interventional studies (NIS) in the European Union (EU).Methods: The websites of national competent authorities (CAs), ethics committees (ECs) and data protection (DP) authorities were consulted to find regulations and guidance information related to the authorisation of NIS in various member states of the EU. Results: Many additional hurdles, neither disclosed nor clear in the various regulations/guidances for NIS, were identified. Although approval from the CA is not needed for NIS, in many countries request of CA opinion is nevertheless recommended, prior to submission to the EC, to obtain confirmation that the planned NIS does not fall in the interventional trial category. Clinical trial insurance was required in some countries. In countries like Belgium and Italy, the multicentre NIS required the approval from a central EC and local ECs as a single central EC opinion was not considered sufficient. The EC document requirements for submission and the fees were extremely variable among all member states. Additional approvals from data protection authorities and insurance companies were required in some countries. Conclusions: The process of obtaining approval for multicentre and multinational NIS is time consuming due to lack of transparency and the different regulatory requirements among member states. The EU pharmacovigilance legislation and clinical trial regulation No 536/2014 is a step forward in providing a regulatory framework for PASS (post-authorisation safety studies) and low intervention clinical trials, but since regulation No 536/2014 excludes NIS, it will be difficult to enforce harmonization of requirements for approval of NIS among member states. ; Ziel: Dieser Artikel soll über die Komplexität und unerwartete regulatorische Anforderungen bei multinationalen und multizentrischen, nicht-interventionellen Studien (NIS) ...

Objective: The purpose of this article is to give an overview of the complexities and unexpected regulatory requirements for obtaining approval of multinational and multicentre non-interventional studies (NIS) in the European Union (EU).