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Exposure to asymmetrical risk forces the poor into a precarious existence, leaving them permanently vulnerable to a variety of shocks which limit their capacity to save, constrain their livelihood options and bind them in a state of poverty or near poverty. This level of poverty is not measured by their location slightly above or below an arbitrarily constructed subsistence line, but by their degrees of vulnerability to a variety of risks originating in a market driven economic system. As a result, households may periodically move above the poverty line but could easily regress below it in the face of shocks. This paper sets out to explore the sources of asymmetrical risk, which leave some people more vulnerable than others, and to relate these asymmetries to the structurally derived variations in their socio-economic circumstances. Vulnerability that originates in ethnicity, gender and climate is also an important factor in exposure to asymmetrical risk. This paper limits its focus to a discussion of vulnerabilities originating in the inequitable economic opportunity structures, which circumscribe the lives of the poor. The paper initially examines the nature of such vulnerabilities and how this may serve to trap particular segments of the population in conditions of insecurity and poverty. It then goes on to relate these to the unjust socio-economic circumstances which create and perpetuate them.

The paper seeks to explore the retreat from what was once proclaimed by Sarwar Murshid as his new values and the gradual closure of spaces available for public reasoning. Such an exploration requires that I revisit the foundational values of our state and discuss their sustainability within a world and society which remains in a state of constant turmoil. In the process I hope to track the decline of public reasoning which has emerged as a consequence and also a cause of our distancing from our foundational project. It may be argued that the once 'new values' have become old and outmoded in an age where development and change are considered by some to be the driving force of our society. In the concluding part of my presentation I would, therefore, aim to renew my faith in Murshid's old, new values arguing that these once noble ideas still remain relevant to our quest for a democratic, just, more tolerant and indeed an economically transformative society, to be realized through public reasoning.

The governance of health system is a very important aspect to consider ensuring the equitable distribution of healthcare services to the population. The governance of health system is based on the equitable provision of resources, designing of appropriate strategies to improve the health conditions and people well-being, by adhering to proper, adequate rules and procedural guidelines for measuring its actions. This paper presents the gender-based governance frameworks designed by several health organizations to measure the performance of a health system. These governance frameworks were adopted from the annual reports of International health organizations and analyzed through the perspective of gender. There is a need to measure the governance of a health system within the particular framework. In this light, to regulate the structure of governance, the government is responsible to assure the provision of health services both in the public and private sectors. Unfortunately, the process of planning and financing health care services lacks accountability. Thus, to ensure a gender balanced structure of governance in the health system, there is a need to integrate the gender perspective on all levels of health system starting from the policy to its implementation. Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.20319/lijhls.2017.32.118127 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.

The response to the challenges of governance demanded even greater entrepreneurial capacity. Bangladeshis had, as the end result of years of external domination, no experience in ruling themselves. Even within the Pakistan state all critical decisions, policies, and control of the principal institutions of governance were appropriated by our Pakistani rulers. As a result the newly created state had to discover extraordinary capacities for entrepreneurship in governance to create a functioning nation state. This exercise in nation-building within the rubble of a bankrupt war-ravaged country was, at that time, and even in later years, under-appreciated. To nurture a new nation extracted through blood and fire from the diseased womb of another sovereign state required undiscovered qualities for which there was no available training manual developed from innumerable case histories of post-colonial states. So by definition the leaders and those who served them in constructing the Bangladesh state, had to be entrepreneurs, learning from their own bitter experiences, through trial and error, how to first build and then manage a nation state.

Selection is a most important word in the Universe. As per the definition selection is a method to select a something or someone among a group of things or people as being the best or most suitable. So in this paper I describe how a soft computing technology is used to select a candidate from a group of candidate by a political party. The main motive of this work is to show the accurate political decision and increase the faith among parties top leader with other members of that party as well as increase the impression of a political party to the citizens which is sometimes not possible using the traditional nomination procedure. There are no hard and fast rules for calculating the accurate political decision so I think fuzzy logic is the best and suitable tool to used human perception, knowledge, imprecision, vagueness to get the exact selection result. Keywords: Fuzzy Logic, Expert Knowledge, Membership Function, Fuzzy controller, Candidate selection

RESUMEN: La tesis investiga efectos de mezcla del sabor en modelos Supersimétricos a electro-débil medidos con gran precisión, correcciones a la masa del bosón de Higgs, detalles en el cómputo de la física relacionada con el quark b, desintegraciones del bosón de Higgs con violación de sabor de quark y finalmente, desintegraciones del bosón de Higgs con violación de sabor leptónico. Se han estudiado los efectos de la mezcla de sabor de los s-quarks y s-leptones de una manera independiente del modelo (MI) y tambian se estudiaron los efectos de la mezcla de squarks en el CMSSM y de sleptones en la extensión de éste con un mecanismo "see-saw" de tipo I. En ambos casos se utilizó la hipótesis de violación de sabor mínima (MFV). En el estudio de manera independiente de modelo, el efecto de mezcla de sabor de los s-quarks dentro de los intervalos permitidos experimentalmente implica contribuciones para electro-débil medidos con gran precisión que pueden exceder el margen de error con el que están medidos. En el sector de los bosones de Higgs, la introducción de violación de sabor de los s-leptones implica contribuciones no triviales a las masas del bosón de Higgs. En nuestro estudio de MFV hemos utilizado dos modelos con gran unificación "realistas" en los que la violación de sabor es introducida al tener en cuenta la presencia de las matrices CKM y PMNS en las RGE's. Se encontró que el desestimar los efectos de violación de sabor es adecuado para los "B-Physics observables" y las masas de los bosons de Higgs. Sin embargo, para los electro-débil medidos con gran precisión se encontraron efectos grandes. Por tanto, los efectos de violación de sabor, objeto de nuestro estudio imponen un nuevo límite a parámetros en CMSSM. ; ABSTRACT: This dissertation investigates the flavor mixing effects in Supersymmetric models on electroweak precision observables, Higgs boson mass predictions, B-physics observables, quark flavor violating Higgs decays and lepton flavor violating charged lepton decays and lepton flavor violating Higgs decays. We have studied the flavor mixing effects in model independent way. We also studied effects of flavor mixing of squarks in CMSSM and of sleptons in CMSSM with seesaw extension. For the model independent study, we were able to put new constraints on the flavor violating deltas from electroweak precision observables in the case of squarks whereas no new constraints could be set for the case of slepton deltas. In our analysis of minimal flavor violating CMSSM, we found that flavor mixing can have large impact to electroweak precision observables, enabling us to put new constraints on parameter space in CMSSM. However flavor mixing effects to Higgs boson masses and B-Physics observables were found to be negligible. ; Last but not least I would like to acknowledge Spanish Government for providing me financial support through the Spanish MICINN's Consolider-Ingenio 2010 Programme under grant MultiDark CSD2009-00064

Recognizing the governance and political context of energy provisioning the dissertation brings forth and analyses key political and related economic drivers represented by target oriented subsidy driven public sector programmes. It dwells on vested power dynamics favouring supply driven centralized grid electricity and fossil fuel provisioning benefiting largely the urban and the affluent. A desirable energy programme needs to focus on a service centred rather than product or technology centred approach wherein the costing is done on a life cycle basis instead of capital investment. The work here brings forth the need for energy service provisioning, as opposed to mere access, through a broad-based framework of bench-marked, technology-neutral access to modern energy. It emphasizes the need for reliability and equity as well as linkages of energy to broader sustainable development goals such as livelihoods enhancement, education for all and quality health services. Use of kerosene for lighting which epitomizes the inadequacies and inefficiencies of current approach to energy access has been discussed to bringing into focus concerns related to indoor air pollution arising out of use of kerosene in inefficient and archaic lighting devices. The need for addressing health and environmental concerns has also been assessed by focussing on the now recognized role of Short Lived Climate Pollutants such as Black Carbon. The results have significant implications to health impact studies as well as climate impact studies. On the epidemiological side, studies that rely on mean day time values will underestimate the cooking-hour exposure by factors ranging from 5 to 20. The work here also brings forth new perspectives that treat transitions in a broader framework of regime change involving different stakeholders. The new perspectives highlight that transitions need to be studied comprehensively using new frameworks such as strategic niche management (SNM). This dissertation brings into focus new elements such as role of ...