Suchergebnisse

AbstractDevelopment of a large landfill site in the North‐Eastern New Territories of Hong Kong, which will receive 25 million m3 of wastes during a life of about 13 years, must include the provision of a scheme to manage leachates which will arise in the tropical climate of the region.The paper presents detailed results from a study commissioned by the Environmental Protection Department of the Hong Kong Government, to characterize and treat leachates generated by landfills in Hong Kong, in order to design a suitable management scheme. Field and laboratory trials which were carried out during 1989 showed that, although leachates from Hong Kong landfills have some specific characteristics (e.g. concentrations of amm.N to 5000 mg/l), they can be treated to high standards by aerobic biological processes.As a result of these studies, a scheme has been designed which will provide a high degree of environmental protection in respect of leachate, as the landfill is developed.

ABSTRACTAs landfills become larger, the enormous quantities of putrescible wastes which they contain have increased the potential to generate highly polluting leachates as they decompose anaerobically over many years. If severe environmental impacts are to be avoided, operators must control these liquors: many landfill proposals stand or fall on the ability of the operator to demonstrate that leachate can be collected, managed and disposed of in an environmentally acceptable manner. During the early years of tipping in containment cells, high BOD and COD values (to 50 000 mg/l or more) are measured, with very high ammonia concentrations (to more than 1000 mg/l as N) persisting for many years.The authors have been involved with the full‐scale on‐site treatment of leachates to high standards in automated aerated lagoon plants since the early 1980s. The first plant was constructed in 1982, and a further seven have since been built at landfills throughout the UK, with many more at various stages of design and construction – both in the UK and overseas.This paper describes detailed operational experiences from several of these landfill sites, with particular emphasis on the reduction of ammonia concentrations to low values. The use of reed‐bed treatment schemes as effluent polishing facilities is also discussed.

Background: During infectious epidemics, healthcare workers are required to deliver traditional care while facing new pressures. Time and resource restrictions, a focus on saving lives and new safety measures can lead to traditional aspects of care delivery being neglected. Aim: Identify barriers to delivering end-of-life care, describe attempts to deliver care during the COVID-19 pandemic, and understand the impact this had on staff. Design: A rapid appraisal was conducted incorporating a rapid review of policies from the United Kingdom, semi-structured telephone interviews with healthcare workers, and a review of mass print media news stories and social media posts describing healthcare worker's experiences of delivering care during the pandemic. Data were coded and analysed using framework analysis. Setting/Participants: From a larger ongoing study, 22 interviews which mentioned death or caring for patients at end-of-life, eight government and National Health Service policies affecting end-of-life care delivery, eight international news media stories and 3440 publicly available social media posts were identified. The social media analysis centred around 274 original tweets with the highest reach, engagement and relevance. Incorporating multiple workstreams provided a broad perspective of end-of-life care during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom. Results: Three themes were developed: (1) restrictions to traditional care, (2) striving for new forms of care and (3) establishing identity and resilience. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic prohibited the delivery of traditional care as practical barriers restricted human connections. Staff prioritised communication and comfort orientated tasks to re-establish compassion at end-of-life and displayed resilience by adjusting their goals.