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It is often assumed that Britain's colonies followed the British doctrine of free trade in the second half of the nineteenth century. Malta, which became a British colony in 1814, did indeed become an early free trader. However, she failed to liberalize the grain trade, even when the mother country famously repealed the Corn Laws. This paper documents that although institutions changed over the years, the ad valorem equivalents of the duties on wheat did not. The reason for this seems to be that administrators were convinced that is was not possible to fund government spending in any other way. The duties on grain in Malta were therefore not protectionist, but rather for revenue purposes, in contrast to the UK Corn Laws. Taxing an inelastic demand for foreign wheat by Maltese, who were unable to grow enough food to support themselves, was certainly an effective way of raising revenue, but probably not the fairest one, as contemporaries were well aware.

This paper provides evidence that transatlantic commodity market integration began prior to the "first era of globalization" at the end of the nineteenth century. It does so by giving a long term perspective to the story of the development of an Atlantic Economy in wheat between the United States and Britain. Both trade statistics and contemporary comment reveal the importance of this trade from the middle to late eighteenth century, long before the so-called grain invasion of the late nineteenth century. Using data on imports from America and a large volume of substantiating primary evidence, specific periods are identified when market integration might have been possible. Using price data for wheat in America and Britain, some evidence is found that markets were integrated, but this process was continuously being interrupted by "exogenous" events, such as trade policy, war and politics. Transportation costs cannot be seen to be the driving force behind periods of increased trade, which are more attributable to the absence of these exogenous events.

By documenting the legislative history of the Corn Laws from 1670 and using previously unused data to calculate annual Ad Valorem Equivalents for most years from 1814, it is possible to establish several important facts about British wheat protection. Statutory protection was only significant for a few years after 1815, the decline starting in the 1820s and continuing beyond the famous "repeal" in 1846. The level of protection prior to 1846 was, for many years, much lower than previous accounts have suggested. The annual time series of Ad Valorem Equivalents will allow for UK trade policy to play the important role it deserves in econometric analyses of the nineteenth century

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Glossary of Weights and Measures -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Economic and Political Context for Danish Agricultural Development, ca. 1660–1850 -- 3. The Agricultural Reforms, 1750s–1800s -- 4. The Spread of the Holstein System -- 5. From Bullshit to Butter: Accounting and Production Decisions -- 6. Science, Innovation, and the Dissemination of Knowledge -- 7. How the Danes Discovered Britain -- 8. Industrial and Trade Policy -- 9. The Spread of Modern Dairying beyond the Estates: The Rise of the Cooperatives -- 10. Agriculture, Industry, and Modern Economic Growth in Denmark -- 11. Lessons from the Danish Agricultural Revolution for Developing Countries -- Notes -- References -- Index

Intro -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Glossary of Weights and Measures -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Economic and Political Context for Danish Agricultural Development, ca. 1660- 1850 -- 3. The Agricultural Reforms, 1750s- 1800s -- 4. The Spread of the Holstein System -- 5. From Bullshit to Butter: Accounting and Production Decisions -- 6. Science, Innovation, and the Dissemination of Knowledge -- 7. How the Danes Discovered Britain -- 8. Industrial and Trade Policy -- 9. The Spread of Modern Dairying beyond the Estates: The Rise of the Cooperatives -- 10. Agriculture, Industry, and Modern Economic Growth in Denmark -- 11. Lessons from the Danish Agricultural Revolution for Developing Countries -- Notes -- References -- Index.

This volume discusses how diplomacy's contribution to the effectiveness of foreign policy has been undervalued in the United States by governments, the foreign policy community, and academics. Chapters raise awareness of the importance of American diplomacy, what it can and can't achieve, and how it may be strengthened in the interests of international peace and security.

The origins of the diplomatic corps : Rome to Constantinople / G. R. Berridge -- The diplomatic corps as a symbol of diplomatic culture / Sasson Sofer -- The Washington diplomatic corps : the place, the professionals, and their performance / Alan K. Henrikson -- The London diplomatic corps / Peter Lyon -- The emergence and practices of the Oslo diplomatic corps / Halvard Leira and Iver B. Neumann -- Diplomacy in the East : Seoul, Beijing, and Pyongyang, 1981-2002 / J. E. Hoare -- Representing India in the diplomatic corps / Kishan Rana -- The Kathmandu diplomatic corps : in search of a role in times of transformation / Humayun Kabir -- Genocide in Rwanda and the Kigali diplomatic corps : consultation, cooperation, coordination / Joyce E. Leader -- The Skopje diplomatic corps and the Macedonian political crisis of 2001 / Paul Sharp -- The European corps : diplomats and international cooperation in western Europe / Mai'a Keapuolani Davis Cross -- Esprit de corps : sketches from diplomatic life in Stockholm, Hanoi, and New York / Geoffrey Wiseman -- Conclusion : the diplomatic corps' role in constituting international society / Paul Sharp and Geoffrey Wiseman

We propose that the "historically relevant" comparison of the Danish and Russian Empires from the early eighteenth century until the First World War presents a useful starting point for a promising research agenda. We justify the comparison by noting that the two empires enjoyed striking geographical, political and institutional similarities. Beyond this, we also demonstrate that the two empires were bound together by war, royal marriage, and migration. We suggest some examples of what might be investigated, with a particular focus on agriculture, due to its importance to both Danish and Russian economic history. Finally, we zoom in on the role Danish experts played for developing the Russian butter industry.

We propose that the "historically relevant" comparison of the Danish and Russian Empires from the early eighteenth century until the First World War presents a useful starting point for a promising research agenda. We motivate the comparison, noting that the two empires enjoyed striking geographical, political and institutional similarities. Beyond this, we also demonstrate that the two empires were bound together by war, royal marriage, and migration. We suggest some examples of what might be investigated, with a particular focus on agriculture, due to its importance to both Danish and Russian economic history. Finally, we zoom in on the role Danish experts played for developing the Russian butter industry.