Suchergebnisse

A model is presented which is flexible enough to accommodate a wide range of political intervention on the part of the bureaucracy & whose goal is formulation of a rational & coherent typology of bureaucratic tendencies for use in tracing the development of public services, & for direct comparison. The 2 characteristics of the bureaucratic culture tendency toward political activity, ie, involvement & distinctiveness, are analyzed both independently & in tandem. Their independent variation comprises the general model which is then extrapolated to a formal typology. The case example of Austrian bureaucracy illuminates the basic concepts. 5 Figures. C. Grindle.

Trade and technology transfer have come to occupy a major role in Soviet-American relations. Twice in recent years embargoes have been imposed on the sale of U.S. high technology to the U.S.S.R., and these sanctions have had wide-ranging political and economic consequences in the Soviet Union, Europe, and the United States. The Politics of East-West Trade draws together leading U.S. and European scholars, government officials, and businesspeople to explore the complex issues arising from U.S. trade policies toward the Soviet Union. The book begins with an assessment of the degree to which the Soviet economy is dependent on Western technology imports. In subsequent chapters, in addition to assessing the general nature and volume of U. S .-U. S. S .R. trade, the contributors consider the extent to which Western technology has helped or hindered Soviet economic and technological growth; the specific impact of U.S. trade sanctions in four critical sectors (computers, energy, agriculture, and defense); and the impact in the West of U.S. trade policies (for example, recent embargoes have resulted in the loss of several billion dollars in U.S. equipment and commodity sales to the U.S.S.R.). Examining the serious strains that differences over East-West trade policy have put on U.S. relations with its West European allies, the authors conclude that there are tangible limits on the ability of the United States to use technology trade as leverage to alter Soviet policies.

The meaning of institutions -- Mission clarity, part 1: affirming the institutional charism -- Mission clarity, part 2: discerning institutional identity and purpose -- Governance that works, part 1: making the right things happen -- Governance that works, part 2: finding wisdom, making decisions -- The right people: recruit, develop, empower -- A dynamic institutional culture: fostering hopeful realism -- Financial equilibrium: making economic sustainability a priority -- A place to be: creating built space -- Strategic partnerships: the synergy of collaboration