Suchergebnisse

This is the final version. Available on open access from Nature Research via the DOI in this record ; Data availability: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. ; Probing individual chemical reactions is key to mapping reaction pathways. Trace analysis of sub-kDa reactants and products is obfuscated by labels, however, as reaction kinetics are inevitably perturbed. The thiol-disulfide exchange reaction is of specific interest as it has many applications in nanotechnology and in nature. Redox cycling of single thiols and disulfides has been unresolvable due to a number of technological limitations, such as an inability to discriminate the leaving group. Here, we demonstrate detection of single-molecule thiol-disulfide exchange using a label-free optoplasmonic sensor. We quantify repeated reactions between sub-kDa thiolated species in real time and at concentrations down to 100's of attomolar. A unique sensing modality is featured in our measurements, enabling the observation of single disulfide reaction kinetics and pathways on a plasmonic nanoparticle surface. Our technique paves the way towards characterising molecules in terms of their charge, oxidation state, and chirality via optoplasmonics. ; Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) ; European Union Horizon 2020

In recent years, the Indian National Health Mission (NHM) was introduced by the Government of India as an umbrella of health programs to cover reproductive and child health, adolescent health, and selected disease control programs. These programs were given a mandate to accelerate the achievement of the health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015. Considerable progress toward realizing the MDG objectives has been achieved, especially reductions in infant and child mortality and improvement in measles vaccination coverage (MDG Goal 4), as well as the reduction of maternal mortality and an increase in the number of births attended by skilled personnel (MDG Goal 5). Nevertheless, an overall appraisal of the status of the indicators in 2015 reveals that many of the targets remained to be achieved. The analytical issue explored here is whether the targets were too high to achieve or whether Indian health policies were flawed or too long delayed. This article offers a state-wise analysis of the achievements in health indicators relating to MDGs 4 and 5. The rate of achievement for two time periods, pre-NHM and NHM until 2015, is analyzed here. Our key finding is that most of the targets were indeed infeasible, but that lack of achievement could be attributed to delays in planning; sometimes poor execution of the policies and programs; and to the economic, social, and political disparities within the country. Better organized and more innovative approaches at the state level could improve the realization of vital MDG targets, providing improved public health for all.

"Global Perspectives on Social Capital and Health Ichiro Kawachi, Soshi Takao, and S.V. Subramanian, editors The idea of social capital emerged in the social science disciplines to explain puzzling phenomena such as why some communities fare better in crisis than others. As the field matures, it has been adapted to wide-ranging issues such as population health. Global Perspectives on Social Capital and Health presents the major research issues as well as nuanced theoretical discussion in keeping with an evolving field in Europe, Asia, and the U.S. Background chapters analyze how social capital manifests in neighborhoods, workplaces, and schools, and its relationship to health. The book's second half offers guidelines for improving population health at the social capital level, and examples of interventions, such as microfinance programs, in which enhanced social capital and health benefits are a significant by-product. And a number of contributors debate the problems of defining the concept--and using the term at all. Included in the coverage: Contextual determinants of community social capital ; Causal inference in social capital research ; Advancing social capital interventions from a network and population health perspective ; The social capital of welfare states and its significance for population health ; Social capital interventions to promote healthy aging ; Social capital, social policy, and health disparities: a legacy of political advocacy in African-American communities ; Because of its diverse scope, Global Perspectives on Social Capital and Health will attract a wide audience among researchers and graduate students in public health, epidemiology, medical sociology, and economics"--Provided by publisher