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This paper presents a survey of security issues and their current solutions in the mobile ad hoc network. Ad hoc Networks are infrastructure less, self-organizing network. These networks do not have a central authority for the management of the network. We first analyze the main vulnerabilities in the mobile ad hoc networks, which have made it much easier to suffer from attacks than the traditional wired Network. We try to provide a brief introduction to the types of attacks and possible counter measures to prevent the attack. A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a self-organizing, infrastructure less, multi-hop network. The wireless and distributed nature of MANETs poses a great challenge to system security designers. In this paper, we propose five-layer security architecture for mobile ad hoc networks. A general description of functionalities in each layer is given and we analyze the security mechanisms in military applications in the scope of the proposed security architecture.Keywords: Mobile Ad hoc Network, security, authentication, security architecture.

This paper examines how the expansion of mainstreaming of Fair Trade over the last decade and the increasing corporate attention to social responsibility during the same period is resulting in Fair Trade evolving as a form of corporate social responsibility. We further examine the challenges this poses for the Fair Trade movement.

Recent events have highlighted the importance of asset prices to central bank decisions. We argue that, in response to asset price bubbles, central banks should 'lean against the wind' (LATW hereafter). Even if the bubbles themselves are not significantly affected by LATW, macroeconomic performance can be improved if monetary policy reacts to asset price misalignments over and above the reaction to fixed horizon inflation forecasts. In addition, it might reduce the probability of bubbles arising at all. This article restates the case for LATW, and reviews the debate. In particular I respond to various criticisms that have been made against LATW and briefly consider alternative policies designed to make the financial system less cyclical.

There is an increasing interest in community-based forest management as a potential approach for improving forest governance. India is among the few countries in the world where such an approach-called Joint Forest Management (JFM)-has not only been successfully introduced but also achieved large-scale implementation, covering 18% of all state forests. Forests cover 23% of India's geographical area and almost all are under state ownership. However, over half the forests are in a degraded condition. Forests also provide livelihood support to a large proportion of the population, especially the poor. Around 147 million people live in and around forests. But until the 1980s, the focus was on commercial forestry and people were excluded from forest management. This led to forest degradation on the one hand, and conflicts between the Forest Department and local communities on the other. A new policy in 1988 stressed forest management for ecosystem services and meeting local communities' needs. Under this policy, Joint Forest Management promoted agreements between the Forest Department and village communities to jointly protect and manage adjacent forest land and to share responsibilities and benefits. JFM has had several positive impacts on forest governance in the form of improved forest condition, increased income and livelihood opportunities for participating communities and, most importantly, a dramatic change in the attitude of communities and the Forest Department towards each other and toward forests. Although challenges still remain, if implemented in its true spirit, JFM can be a viable long-term strategy for contributing towards the goals of sustainable livelihoods and forest management.

Structural change in Asia among India, China, & Pakistan has been intense & is directly associated with the instability that has resulted. As these governments move forward on their regional & global power cycles, what points of non-linearity (critical points) yet await the region & the larger system, & with what effect? The article calls for management of the foreign policy role such that comparative calm is sustained in the midst of structural change & uncertainty. 1 Figure, 21 References. [Copyright 2003 Sage Publications Ltd.]

Structural change in Asia among India, China, and Pakistan has been intense and is directly associated with the instability that has resulted. As these governments move forward on their regional and global power cycles, what points of non-linearity (critical points) yet await the region and the larger system, and with what effect? The article calls for management of the foreign policy role such that comparative calm is sustained in the midst of structural change and uncertainty.