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AbstractFor nearly three decades scholars have studied issues of EU risk regulation, first presented as regulation of safety of products and persons,1 later on as true issues of risk regulation. This short comment will give brief, and at times personal, insights into the development on scholarly thinking on EU risk regulation and sketch a few challenges for the future.

This article argues that the famous Kongo uprising of 1913 epitomized a breakdown of patron-client relationships between the Portuguese colonial state, the Kongo rulers at São Salvador, and their local constituents. On the one hand, the colonial imposition of contract labor undermined a social contract that held the king of Kongo accountable to senior chiefs and their followers. The subsequent revolt against the incumbent ruler, Manuel Kiditu, is explained in moral economy terms as a collective response to the repudiation of the rules of social reciprocity by Kiditu and his assistants. On the other hand, a breakdown in relations of trust between Kiditu and the leader of the revolt, Álvaro Buta, also played a crucial role in the revolt.

The topic of this thesis is the Origin of the Dutch coastal landscapes during the Holocene. The landscape evolution is visualized in a series of palaeogeographical maps, and the driving mechanisms behind the environmental changes are discussed. The practice to make palaeogeographical map reconstructions in the Netherlands developed after the Second World War when a lot of regional geological and soil scientific mapping programs were carried out by government institutions and universities. The palaeogeographical map reconstructions were subsequently used for the understanding and modelling of the long-term coastal evolution, coastal management issues, landscape-archaeological purposes and for education and public information. The aim of this thesis is to describe how the palaeogeographical maps are compiled, what kind of data was used and what the goals were which had to be achieved with the maps. Palaeogeographical maps can be drawn on three scale levels: national, regional and local. The format of this book follows this subdivision. Geoarchaeology is involved in all these studies. Geological and palaeo-environmental data from archaeological excavations and surveys, 'key sites' in the landscape reconstruction, provided essential information for the palaeogeographical reconstructions. In the introduction (Chapter 1) the background of the landscape reconstructions is given, the geological / palaeo-environmental terminology and stratigraphic classifications are discussed, the role of archaeology in the coastal reconstruction treated, and the driving mechanisms in coastal evolution are elaborated upon. Chapter 2 discusses the compilation of 11 palaeogeographical maps of the Netherlands. Chapter 3 reports about three regional palaeogeographical studies. The flooding history of the Southwestern Netherlands is described in Chapter 3.1. The landscape history of the Oer-IJ tidal system (middle Noord-Holland) is the subject of Chapter 3.2. The landscape development of this system is described on a regional to supra-regional scale. In Chapter 3.3 five landscape reconstructions of the coastal area of the Northern Netherlands and Lower Saxony between 500 BC and today are presented. Three local palaeogeographical case studies are described in Chapter 4. The Yangtze harbour (water connection between the Maasvlakte 1 and 2; Port of Rotterdam) study is an example of a research in which geology and palaeolandscape reconstructions were used as tools for archaeological prospection of potential Stone-Age archaeology in the subsurface of the harbour (Chapter 4.1). The study of the Vergulde Hand West in Vlaardingen (VHW; Chapter 4.2) describes the landscape development of a peat site along the northern margin of the Rhine–Meuse Estuary. At this location archaeological remains from the Bronze Age up to the Middle Ages were found. The landscape evolution around a Middle Bronze Age site in the area of Geestmerambacht, north of Alkmaar, is the subject of Chapter 4.3. The area was part of the former Westfriese tidal-inlet system and the archaeological site is located on top of a salt-marsh ridge. In the synthesis, Chapter 5, the landscape development of the Netherlands is summarized. For the time intervals between the different national palaeogeographical maps, the mechanisms driving coastal evolution are analysed.

This richly documented account of the arrival of rubber traders, new Christian missionaries, and the Portuguese colonial state in the Kongo realm is told from the perspective of the kingdom's inhabitants. Jelmer Vos shows that both Africans and Europeans were able to forward differing social, political, and economic agendas as Kongo's sacred city of São Salvador became a vital site for the expansion of European imperialism in Central Africa. Kongo people, he argues, built on the kingdom's long familiarity with Atlantic commerce and cultures to become avid intermediaries in a new system of colonial trade and mission schools. Vos underlines that Kongo's incorporation in the European state system also had tragic consequences, including the undermining of local African structures of authority—on which the colonial system actually depended. Kongo in the Age of Empire carefully documents the involvement of Kongo's royal court in the exercise of Portuguese rule in northern Angola and the ways that Kongo citizens experienced colonial rule as an increasingly illegitimate extension of royal power. [From the publisher] ; https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/history_books/1020/thumbnail.jpg