Yu.M. Lotman's ideas on cultural semiotics were introduced in China in the late 1970s' and have been developing for more than 40 years since then. The process of dissemination of Lotman's ideas in China can be divided into three stages: initial introduction (1979-1993), in-depth research (1994-2004), and multiple expansion (2005 - present). The given paper studies the reception of Lotman's thoughts on semiotics in China from a diachronic perspective, and it summarizes the characteristics of different stages in order to understand the whole picture of the research on Lotman's semiotic ideas in China.
In the field of criminal justice, electronic monitoring technology has experienced the development of four generations of technology: fixed telephone, radio frequency tag, Global Positioning System, and biometrics. Today, Chinese criminal justice practice adopts a monitoring method based on cell phone positioning, supplemented by electronic anklets. The "Non-custodial Code monitoring system " is an innovative achievement of Hangzhou, China's judicial personnel on electronic monitoring, which has achieved good practical results and will be promoted nationwide. As an effective criminal measure, electronic monitoring reduces the number of detainees in prison, eases the supervision pressure on judicial personnel, reduces financial expenditures, and helps criminals rejoin society. Due to the lack of detailed legal provisions, the application of electronic monitoring in practice lacks specificity, and there is the possibility of violating the privacy of citizens. So electronic monitoring in China's criminal justice presents such a situation. On the one hand, the law clearly states that electronic monitoring can be applied only during the community correctional stage and the period of residential confinement. On the other hand, judicial officers actively try to apply electronic monitoring to the bail process. It is foreseeable that electronic monitoring will be widely promoted in the process of China's criminal justice reform. This process should adhere to the principles of legality, necessity, and judicial review.
AbstractThe newly launched water futures market faces a serious illiquidity problem with scarce trading volume. We examine the causes of the illiquidity based on the futures contract design literature and empirical analysis of spot water markets in the western United States. The primary cause of illiquidity is a lack of effective hedging demand for water futures due to the heterogeneity and limited size of spot water markets. The opaqueness of the water futures settlement index further deters the participation of traders. Moreover, the lack of public information on spot water market transactions also reduces its attraction to speculators.
