Suchergebnisse

Government control of the economy varies widely, in degree as
well as effectiveness, across countries and continents. The LDCs of Asia
have generally opted for planned development and a large public sector,
giving their governments significant control over their economies. The
Newly Industrialising Countries (NICs) of Asia. on the other hand, have
thrived on economic liberalisation and greater market orientation. The
growth record of the Asian LDCs during the past decade appears pitiful
as compared to that of the high-growth NICs. The present study attempts
to empirically reassess the nature of the government's linkage with
growth and productivity in Asian LDCs. The study finds evidence of a
significant Jiilkage between government and growth in developing Asia.
but not in the NICs or eight of the leading market economies of the
world. Empirical evidence from the present study suggests that excessive
government control in the Asian LDCs might have bred inefficiency,
though not so much as to retard economic growth. On balance,
governmental impact on these economies remains significantly
positive.

AbstractGovernments incur expenditures in order to fulfill the following roles in the economy: (a) to correct distortions or market failures; (b) regulate private activity that might harm society; (c) provide public goods and services (i.e. economic and social infrastructure); and (d) often engage in productive activity. Some of these activities improve economic efficiency while others reduce it. There is also considerable evidence of inefficiency in the public provision of goods and services. However, the nature and extent of government involvement in the economy varies significantly between the developed industrial market economies and the developing world, particularly the low‐income economies. Historically, government in the developing economies have exercised relatively greater control and direction over their economies in all the above categories, while public sector involvement in the developed economies has remained largely confined to the provision of public goods and services, regulatory functions and the management of income‐maintenance programmes. Citing historical evidence, a number of leading economists have argued that government size has had no impact, one way or another, on economic performance of industrial market economies. For the low‐income economies the evidence, though mixed, points more towards a positive overall impact of government on growth performance. The present exercise, using a simple growth‐modeling framework and a longer span of time‐series data, produces additional evidence in support of the above propositions. Moreover, this study seems to confirm the Gerschenkron hypothesis that an effective role of the state is directly linked with the 'stage of backwardness' of the economy.

Faktoren der Beeinflussung des Geldangebots. Transmissionsmechanismus der Geldpolitik. Zusammenhänge zwischen Inflation und Produktion. Erfolgreiches Management eines Währungsraumes. (DÜI-Seu)

Over the years, as social scientists and economists have
become critical of simply using the GNP per capita statistic as the
major indicator for the level of development, especially in the case of
underdeveloped countries, other more sensitive indicators, which reflect
a broader range than does the GNP per capita, have begun to be
preferred. One of the most important indicators to replace or supplement
the GNP per capita concept is the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) statistic.
The importance of this indicator as a reflector of the level of
development is further enhanced when one considers the fact that it was
one of the three indicators chosen by Morris (1979) for his monumental
Physical Quality of Ufe Index. Thus, the careful observation over time
of the IMR is an important, albeit still crude, sign for the way a
country is progressing. And given this importance, it becomes one of the
main targets which needs to be addressed by policy-makers. However,
before one is able to implement measures that bring this rate down,
i.e., pushing the 'policy package', it is necessary to study carefully
the actual causes that result in the high rate. Seeking tlxplanations
for a high level of infant mortality, thus, becomes an important
objective. The paper by Sathar (1987) is an attempt to do so.

The author believes that the failure to realistically project import needs in the short-, medium-, or the long-term could prove disastrous for an economy that is heavily dependent on imports and at the same time poor in foreign exchange. In this short note he attempts to provide some workable guidelines for projection of import needs in planning models for Bangladesh. (DÜI-Sen)

Although balance of payments problems have been pervasive in
the developing economies, there is little agreement amongst economists
as to the causes and the cures for these problems. This paper focuses
upon two models of the balance of payments: the two-gap model and the
monetary approach to the balance of payments (MAEP). The two-gap model
describes the chronic excess demand for foreign exchange in the
developing economies as structural in origin, and implies that monetary
cures for it do not seem to be relevant. MAEP, on the other hand,
describes balance of payments deficits as reflecting disequilibrium in
the money market and hence must be treated as a monetary phenomenon,
requiring the use of tools and concepts of monetary theory. Balance of
payments disequilibrium involves an inflow or outflow of inter¬national
money, and the behaviour of monetary authorities is regarded as crucial
to any sensible study of the balance of payments. The analysis of these
two models presented in this paper tries to reveal their underlying
structures and emphasizes the differences in their approach to the
balance of payments problems. After providing brief expositions of the
two models in the following two sections, we discuss the importance of
the assumptions in each of the model. Next, we present a synthesis by
relating to the two-gap model some aspects of the monetary approach.
This has not been done before in the literature. This attempt at a
synthesis raises certain issues, some of which are answered in this
paper. For instance, we are able to provide a reasonable explanation of
why the LDC governments engage in excessive credit creation, leading to
balance of payments deficits and then devaluation.

Introduction: Machines of peace -- Invention, interdependence, and the lag : conceptualizing international relations in the age of the machine -- Controlling scientific war : international air police and the reinvention of disarmament -- The shape of things to come : aviation, the League of Nations, and the transformation of world order -- Air power for a United Nations : the international air force during the Second World War -- Wings for peace : planning for the postwar internationalization of civil aviation -- A battle for atomic internationalism : United States and the international control of atomic energy -- A blessing in disguise : Britain and the international control of atomic energy -- Conclusion : science, technology, and internationalism into the Cold War and beyond.