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The difficulties of comparative historical analysis of Japan are discussed in reference to the Western modernization model that produced Japan's distinct form of capitalism & modernity. From the Western perspective, Japan deviates from the traditional model in that it is a nonaxial civilization; sociopolitical & economic progress is not linked to religious morals & goals. Further, it is argued that Japan represents the crucial illustration of the development of multiple cultural programs & institutional formations of modernity. Following a review of the various similarities between Japan & the West, it is argued that Japan's distinct form of modernization can be attributed to a variety of structural factors, which contributed to social interaction based on the extension of trust in flexible, generalized settings. The close connection of this trust to achievement & solidarity constructed a system grounded in self-referential reflexivity, thereby promoting the openness & predisposition to change that facilitated modernization. 2 Photographs. Adapted from the source document.

The article presents a critical analysis of indices and indicators of gender equality and suggests a new comprehensive approach to measuring gender equality of opportunity within axial institutions, which are family, labor market, education, science, public and corporate governance. Whereas the main gender indices measure inequality of access to resources, the axial institutions index measures equality of opportunity using the concept of agency. The key innovations are as follows: the inclusion of the institution of family and the gender division of unpaid domestic work as the basis for gender inequality of opportunities; horizontal segregation in labor markets and in education by calculating the average gap in the share of women and men with different educational profile; inclusion of an institute of science, including academia decision-making, inclusion of an institute of corporate governance (along with the state one). As a result, the index of axial institutions is visualized in the form of a hexagon, which describes the specifics of the model of gender equality in Russia.

Data obtained from an experimental simulation on a new test rig for axial fans are compared to a CFD simulation. The Edge solver is used and the development needed for the simulation (boundary conditions, free stream consistency) is described. Adequate agreement between the measured and calculated data is observed.

AbstractKarl Jaspers coined the term the "axial period" to refer to what he saw as the simultaneous development in several different and separate societies—China, India, Iran, Israel, Greece—of "a new departure within mankind." What he meant has been characterized as "a kind of critical, reflective questioning of the actual and a new vision of what lies beyond." While it is true that people in each of these separate cultures began to develop new ways of talking about the cosmos, ethics, and community, Jaspers's approach and description of these phenomena were, I shall argue, highly defective. This has led to serious misunderstandings of what was involved.