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Citizen Participation in Multi-Level Democracies -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Citizen Participation in Multi-Level Democracies: An Introduction -- PART 1: Conceptual Foundation -- 1: Federalism and Democracy: Compatible or at Odds with One Another?: Re-Examining a Tense Relationship -- 2: Participation, Federalism and Pluralism: Challenges to Decision Making and Responses by Constitutionalism -- 3: Federalism, People's Legislation and Associative Democracy -- 4: Forms of Democratic Participation in Multi-Level Systems -- PART 2: Concretisation and Instruments of Democracy -- 5: Direct and Representative Democracy: The Perspective of German Citizens -- 6: Perspectives on the Institutionalization of Citizen Participation at the Municipal Level: A First-Hand Report -- 7: E-Participation in Germany: New Forms of Citizen Involvement between Vision and Reality -- 8: Financing Popular Initiatives and Referendum Campaigns -- 9: Participation and Administrative Procedure -- 10: "Liquid Democracy": Solution or Problem? -- PART 3: Examples from Federal and Regional States -- 11: Participatory democracy in Multi-Level States -- 12: Direct Democracy and Citizen Participation in the Austrian Federal State -- 13: Italian Regionalism: Participation and Plebiscitary Models -- 14: Direct Democracy in the Swiss Federation -- 15: The Referendum in the United Kingdom: Instrument for Greater Constitutional Legitimacy, Tool of Political Convenience, or First Step to Revitalize Democracy? -- 16: Laboratories of Democratic Innovation? Direct, Participatory, and Deliberative Democracy in Canadian Provinces and Municipalities -- PART 4: Emergence of Participation in European Affairs -- 17: Towards the Europeanization of Participation? Reflecting on the Functions and Beneficiaries of Participation in eu Environmental Law

This entry has been realised in the framework of the H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018 project "LoGov - Local Government and the Changing Urban-Rural Interplay". LoGov aims to provide solutions for local governments that address the fundamental challenges resulting from urbanisation. To address this complex issue, 18 partners from 17 countries and six continents share their expertise and knowledge in the realms of public law, political science, and public administration. LoGov identifies, evaluates, compares, and shares innovative practices that cope with the impact of changing urban-rural relations in five major local government areas: (1) local responsibilities and public services, (2) local financial arrangements, (3) structure of local government, (4) intergovernmental relations of local governments, and (5) people's participation in local decision-making. The present entry addresses people's participation in local decision-making in Australia. The entry forms part of the LoGov Report on Australia. To access the full version of the report on Australia, other practices regarding people's participation in local decision-making and to receive more information about the project, please visit: https://www.logov-rise.eu/. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 823961.

Cuba is changing. While caricatured by certain newspaper articles, a complex transformation is unfolding, affecting lifestyles and spiritualities, consumption habits and status symbols, family roles and political cultures. Although the institutional and regulatory frameworks linger behind –more than is advisable– a transformation is underway, rejecting dogma imposed by the neoliberal claudication and bureaucratic inactivity, both forms of historical fatalism. If one wishes to accurately approach the depth of change under way, we can find a privileged and seductive scenario for analysis in associative space (espacio asociativo), which is understood to be the social dimension that hosts relatively autonomous forms of groupings and collective action, outside the political and economic institutions, that channel the voluntary activity of citizens in disparate areas of particular interest, characterized by the logic of reciprocity, solidarity, symmetrical interaction and the defense of common identities. ; The context of Participation: Civil Society as space and discourse The Cuban associative context: a brief outline Participation: between the conceptual debate and programmatic dispute The culture of participatory associations: side notes Bibliography

Even though the discourse about citizen participation in Germany is influenced by the international context, it contains some specific German peculiarities. For example, in Germany there is a strong interdependence between the protest culture, the public discourse about democracy, and scientific research activities. This dependence has had a very strong impact on the participative structures in Germany. This article considers how these three social spheres have developed since the 1950s. While some parts of the German society were in favor for more citizen participation, the development of this idea took almost 50 years to spread. Today there is almost a unison demand for it not only within the public but also across all relevant parties. In this context, the article addresses some current discourses about the realization of participative processes in Germany. Finally, promising approaches and currently open questions, which might be important in the future, are discussed.

Citizen participation, by now one of the main topics on the institutional agenda in many European countries, involves different fields of public action, mostly on a local level – social inclusion, urban renewal, development, the environment, health/social services, etc. It still remains, however, vague as a concept with a great variety of actors, procedures and powers involved in its practices. In this scenario, the present article asks two questions: what powers and what freedoms are involved in participation? How are they constructed and increased? The article then goes on to argue how voice is relevant for understanding the many stories of participation, referring to the classic concept of voice formulated by Albert Hirschman and the elaborations offered by Amartya Sen and Arjun Appadurai in their dialogue over capabilities and capacities.

Intended for public administration professionals, scholars, and students interested in citizen participation. This work brings together analyses of innovative practices, from hands-on community learning and focus groups to high-tech information systems and decision support technologies.