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Slovenian legislation defines complementary health insurance as an activity of the public interest, which represents an inseparable and essential element of healthcare system and as such pursues objectives identical to those of compulsory health insurance – financial security of population against high healthcare expenses and appropriate and fair access to efficient and quality healthcare. EU Member States often introduce different regulatory measures to safeguard the public interest in the field of economic activities. These measures often contravene the Union acquis (the rules on the functioning of the internal market and competition law), which is in principle unacceptable. This article aims to define Slovenian complementary health insurance as a service of general economic interest, which opens up new prospects for the Member States' adoption of the regulatory measures that are not compliant with therules on the functioning of the internal market and EU competition law.

Statutory obligations to take out liability insurance are, in practice, the most important means to ensure compensability of damage arising from dangerous activities. However, in contrast to the significant practical impact, academic research on the topic has not been extensive so far. This study, therefore, undertakes a comprehensive survey of compulsory liability insurance from nine national perspectives (Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom) and takes constitutional and European law (four freedoms, European Convention on Human Rights) as well as the Principles of European Insurance Contract Law (PEICL) into account. It also contains an extensive economic analysis of compulsory liability insurance and discusses aspects of insurability. A Comparative Report, Conclusions and an Annex containing a compilation of rules on compulsory liability insurance in the nine national legal systems complete the study. It considers in particular: – the aims of provisions stating an obligation to take out liability insurance – the mandatory content of insurance cover – the protection mechanisms linked to compulsory liability insurance – the control mechanisms and the sanctions imposed – structural deficiencies of existing compulsory liability insurance systems

Compulsory MTPL insurance has several public goals, includingfairness, road safety, consumer savings, solving road problems andfeelings of safety. Studies have shown that an increased number ofmotor vehicles increases the number of road accidents and roadconditions are getting worse. At the same time, the social responsibilityfor road accidents is shifting from society to government.That is where the compulsory form enters the field.Compulsory MTPL insurance is a relatively new product for developingcountries and its advantages are vague for society. In mostcases, compulsory insurance is perceived as an additional chargethat burdens the vehicle. This term is less common and not properlyunderstood in developing countries.In order to have a better understanding of compulsory MTPL insurance,this article discusses compulsory forms and stages of developmentof MTPL insurance in different countries. It also focuseson the recommendations for developing countries to properly implementthe compulsory form in their own society.

"Health insurance is the machinery that makes the US health system run. But what's going on under the hood? Health Insurance, Third Edition, helps students with the nuts and bolts. Bridging the gap between introductory economics courses and the field of healthcare administration, the book applies economic theory to the real world to explain why the health insurance market functions the way it does. Author Michael Morrisey, in a straightforward style, clearly explains such difficult concepts as adverse selection, moral hazard, managed care, and employer-sponsored health insurance. The book is distinguished by its in-depth discussion of research in health economics, both cutting edge and classic. It clarifies additional concepts like risk adjustment, demand, health savings accounts, selective contracting, the diversity of health insurance markets, and the functioning of Medicare and Medicaid. This third edition has been substantially revised to reflect the rapid evolution of the health field. Throughout, data used are the most recent available. Though health insurance has been a major player in the American healthcare system for decades, it's hardly static. This new edition of Health Insurance keeps pace with the changes while also keeping up on the basics"--

Background: Health care financial burden on households is high in Nepal. High health care expenditure is a major obstacle in achieving universal health coverage. The health insurance is expected to reduce healthcare expenditure. However, only small segments of the population are covered by health insurance in Nepal.This study assessed the factors affecting enrollment in government health insurance program in the first piloted district, Kailali, Nepal.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1048 households located in 26 wards of Kailali district after 21 months of the implementation of social health insurance program, Nepal. The sample was selected in two stages, first stage being the selection of wards and second, being the households.Results: The higher level of household economic status was associated with increased odds of enrollment in health insurance program (ORs=4.99, 5.04, 5.13, 8.05, for second, third, fourth, and the highest quintile of households, respectively). A higher level of head's education was associated with increased odds of health insurance enrollment (ORs = 1.58, 1.78, 2.36, for primary, secondary, tertiary education, respectively). Presence of chronic illness in the household was positively associated with increased odds of health insurance enrollment (OR= 1.29). Conclusions: The poor and low educated groups were less benefited by social health insurance program in Kailali district, Nepal. Hence, policymakers should focus to implement income-based premium scheme for ensuring equal access to healthcare.Since household with chronic illness leads to high odds of being enrolled, a compulsory health insurance scheme can make the program financially sustainable.Keywords: Enrollment; health expenditure; health insurance; inequality; Nepal.

Brief history of the insurance obligation and interaction with the EI law -- The insurance obligation: overview -- Insurance obligation : scope (Meaning of 'Permit' 'Cause' 'Motor Vehicle' 'Road or Other Public Place') -- Requirements with respect to the insurance policy : form and scope -- The meaning of "use" of a vehicle -- Civil liability -- Control of policy terms -- Third party victim's right of direct action against insurers -- Credit hire agreements -- Motor insurers' bureau -- Injuries suffered in the EU -- The public policy doctrine -- Insurance of automated vehicles.

The risk arising from motor third party liability has a significant influence on the financial conditions of society. Accordingly, the question of the necessity and effectiveness of the obligatory form of third party car insurance and how it provides financial security for society by caring for the rights of society from the part of the state, is relevant. Compulsory insurance has to protect the insured from such risks that are very high and have serious consequences – this is the responsibility of the state. It also has to provide an extended liability (in this case the liability of body injuries and property damage raised by owing and driving a vehicle. Compulsory insurance will strengthen the security of society, will raise the precedent of "punishment of the guilty" and will help lower the frequency of such risks in the future, which will improve the social environment.

The economic and social damage due to motor vehicle is escalating alarmingly. Among others, one of the measure took by the government of Ethiopia is the recent development of legislation "Vehicle Insurance Against Third Party Risks Proclamation", with the aim of laying down a mechanism to alleviate economic loss as a result of road accident. The implementation of this legislation will affect the insurance industry. In the literature, the law has been practiced for several decades in most countries, but imposes significant impact on insurers' performance. There are two views about its implementation, the first one is compulsory insurance is a social insurance and the government control the entire activities; premium tariff, claim settlement process, policy terms and conditions and the whole enforcement activities in order to achieve its purpose. The other counter argues and advocates private insurer's involvement in compulsory insurance implementation under minimum government control. Despite the law enforced recently in Ethiopia, this paper try to assess the implementation of CTP motor insurance and analyze stakeholder's level of awareness towards CTP insurance. The study considers both primary and secondary data in order to examine implementation of the legislation in achieving its objective and analyze the attitude and perceptions of stakeholders; insurance officers and CTP insurance policyholders. To address the research problem, both quantitative and qualitative research approaches were used. The research findings indicate CTP insurance has positive result to insurers and IFAA. However, fairness of premium tariffs and uniform claim settlement were a challenge and awareness of parties involved in the process had wide gap. IFAA performance to utilize the fund as planned also very low. In general CTP proclamation enforcement failed to address the intended result and lack of awareness had considerable impact on policy implementation. Thus, both the government and insurance association should actively participate in the awareness creation and cooperation between parties involved in the implementation process will address the problems

ŽELIONYTĖ, Laura. (2006) Health Insurance System of the Republic of Lithuania and its financing problems. MBA, Graduation Paper. Kaunas: Vilnius University, Kaunas Faculty of Humanities, Department of Finance and Accounting, 90 p. S U M M A R Y Master's final work is written in Lithuanian and consist of 90 pages, 24 figures, 12 tables, 42 references, 4 annexes. Key words: health insurance, compulsory health insurance, additional (voluntary) health insurance, health insurance payments, Territorial Patients Funds, National Patient's Fund, Compulsory Health Insurance Fund Budget. Research object - Health insurance system in Lithuania and its financing problems. Research subject – health insurance. Research aim – to evaluate problems of health insurance system and to present its development in perspective. Objectives: to analyze the theoretical aspects of health insurance; to evaluate the development of health insurance system in Lithuania; to fulfil the analysis of the accumulation of the income of Compulsory Health Insurance Fund Budget and distribution of the already accumulative finance; to define the factors determining the variations of income and expense; to provide the recommendations for the development of health insurance system in Lithuania. Research methods: analysis and synthesis of literature, logical analysis and synthesis, vertical analysis, methods of graphic modelling and forecast calculations. After analysing the legislation of the Republic of Lithuania, scientific research works by various authors on the subject of health insurance system in Lithuania, the analysis and evaluation of health insurance system as well as recommendations for the development of health insurance system were performed.